1 #
2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
3 #
4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation.
7 #
8 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
9 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
10 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
11 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
12 # accompanied this code).
13 #
14 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
15 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
16 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
17 #
18 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
19 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
20 # questions.
21 #
22 # tzdb data for Europe and environs
23
24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
26
27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
33 #
34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
38 #
39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
42 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
47 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
48 #
49 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
50 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
51 #
52 # Other sources occasionally used include:
53 #
54 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
55 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
56 # which I found in the UCLA library.
57 #
58 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
59 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
60 # [PDF] (1914-03)
61 #
62 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
63 # <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
64 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
65 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
66 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
67 #
68 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
69 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
70 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
71 # The full Russian citation is:
72 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
73 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
74 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
75 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
76 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
77 #
78 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
79 # History of Summer Time
80 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
81 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
82 #
83 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
84 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
85 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
86 # std dst 2dst
87 # LMT Local Mean Time
88 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
89 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
90 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
91 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
92 # 0:19:32.13 AMT* NST* Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
93 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
94 # 1:00 IST GMT Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
95 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
96 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
97 # 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
98 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
99 # 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
100
101 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
102 # The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
103 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
104 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
105 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
106 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
107 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
108 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
109 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
110 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
111 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
112 # ...
113 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
114 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
115 # ...
116 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
117 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
118 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
119 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
120 # in the Directive.
121
122
123 ###############################################################################
124
125 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
126
127 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
128 #
129 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
130 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
131 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
132 # of the text said:
133 #
134 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
135 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
136 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
137 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
138 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
139 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
140 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
141 #
142 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
143 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
144 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
145 #
146 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
147
148 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
149 #
150 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
151 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
152 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
153 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
154 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
155 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
156 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
157 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
158 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
159 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
160 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
161 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
162 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
163 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
164 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
165 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
166 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
167 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
168 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
169 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
170 #
171 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
172 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
173 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
174
175 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
176 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
177 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
178 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
179 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
180 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
181 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
182 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
183 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
184 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
185 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
186 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
187 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
188 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
189 #
190 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
191 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
192 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
193 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
194 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
195 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
196 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
197 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
198 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
199 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
200 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
201 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
202 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
203 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
204 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
205
206 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
207 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
208 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
209 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
210 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
211 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
212 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
213 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
214 # https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
215
216 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
217 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
218 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
219 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
220 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
221 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
222 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
223 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
224
225 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
226 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
227 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
228
229 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
230 # From: Jonathan Leffler
231 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
232 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
233 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
234
235 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
236 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
237 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
238 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
239 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
240
241 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
242 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
243 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
244 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
245
246 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
247 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
248 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
249 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
250 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
251 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
252 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
253 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
254
255 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
256 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
257 # which is to be introduced in May....
258 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
259 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
260
261 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
262 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
263 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
264 # so we use 'BDST'.
265
266 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
267 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
268 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
269 # and extending this list, which can be found in
270 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
271
272 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
273 #
274 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
275 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
276 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
277 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
278
279 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
280 #
281 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
282 #
283 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
284 # are incorrect:
285 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
286 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
287 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
288 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
289 # It actually just had one transition.
290 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
291 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
292 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
293 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
294 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
295 #
296 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
297 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
298 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
299 # conform with Great Britain.
300 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
301 #
302 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
303 # we'll ignore it for now.
304 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
305
306 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
307 #
308 # Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
309 # Greenwich was to London. For example:
310 #
311 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
312 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
313 #
314 # The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
315 # this being Ireland, opinions differed.
316 #
317 # Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
318 # with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
319 # Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
320 # <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>. Malone
321 # writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
322 # it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
323 # the former and the 1896 edition used the latter). Evidently the
324 # news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
325 # UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is
326 # not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
327 # from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
328 # transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
329 # fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
330
331 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
332 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
333 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
334 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
335 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
336 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
337 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
338
339 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
340 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
341 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
342 #
343 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
344 #
345 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
346 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
347 #
348 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
349 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
350 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
351 #
352 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
353 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
354 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
355 #
356 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
357 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
358 #
359 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
360 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
361 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
362 #
363 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
364 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
365 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
366 # being GMT+1.)
367
368 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
369 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
370 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
371 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
372 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
373 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
374 # and Frethun run in CT.
375 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
376 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
377 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
378 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
379 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
380 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
381
382 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
383 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
384 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
385 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
386 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
387 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
388 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
389 #
390 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
391 # The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
392 # abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
393 # focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time". Though the
394 # "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
395 # error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
396 # standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
397 # summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter. (Thanks
398 # to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.) That is, when
399 # Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
400 # Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
401 # as a negative daylight saving time in winter. So, in this database
402 # IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
403 # Irish Standard Time after that. See:
404 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
405
406 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
407 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
408 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
409 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
410 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
411
412 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
413 # Summer Time Act, 1916
414 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
416 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
417 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
419 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
420 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
422 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
423 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
424 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
425 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
426 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
428 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
429 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
430 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
432 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
433 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
434 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
435 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
436 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
437 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
438 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
439 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
440 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
441 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
442 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
443 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
444 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
445 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
446 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
447 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
448 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
451 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
452 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
453 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
454 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
455 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
456 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
457 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
458 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
459 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
460 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
461 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
462 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
463 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
464 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
465 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
466 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
467 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
468 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
469 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
470 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
471 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
472 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
473 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
474 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
475 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
476 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
477 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
478 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
479 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
480 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
481 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
482 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
483 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
484 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
485 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
486 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
487 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
488 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
489 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
490 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
491 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
492 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
493 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
494 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
495 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
496 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
497 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
498 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
499 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
500 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
501 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
502 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
503 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
504 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
505 # (no summer time)
506 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
507 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
508 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
509 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
510 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
511 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
512 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
513 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
514 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
515 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
516 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
517 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
518 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
519 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
520 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
521 #
522 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
523
524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
526 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
527 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
528 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
529 0:00 EU GMT/BST
530 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
531 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
532 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
533
534 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
535 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
536 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
537 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
538 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
539 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
540 #
541 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
542 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
543 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
544 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
545 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
546 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
547 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
548 # not rely on it.
549 #
550 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
551 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
552 # negative SAVE values are used.
553 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
554 #Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 -
555 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 -
556 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 -
557 #Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 -
558 #Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 -
559 #Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 -
560 #Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
561
562 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
563 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
564 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
565 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
566 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
567 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
568 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
569 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
570 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
571 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
572 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
573 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
574 # 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
575 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
576 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
577 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
578 0:00 EU GMT/IST
579
580
581 ###############################################################################
582
583 # Europe
584
585 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
586 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
587 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
588
589 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
590 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
591 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
592 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
593 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
594 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
595 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
596 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
597 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
598 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
599 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
600
601 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
602 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
603 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
604 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
605 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
606 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
607 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
608
609 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
610 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
611 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
612 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
613 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
614 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
615 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
616 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
617 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
618 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
619 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
620 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
621 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
622 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
623 #
624 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
625 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
626 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
627 # tz database itself, as seen below:
628 #
629 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
630 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
631 #
632 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
633 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
634 #
635 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
636 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
637 #
638 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
639 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
640 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
641 #
642 # The rule line to be changed is:
643 #
644 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
645 #
646 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
647 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
648 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
649 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
650 # CET and MET:
651 #
652 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
653 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
654 #
655 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
656 #
657 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
658 #
659 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
660 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
661 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
662 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
663 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
664 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
665 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
666 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
667
668 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
669 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
670 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
671 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
672 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
673 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
674 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
675
676
677 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
678 #
679 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
680
681 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
682 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
683 #
684 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
685 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
686 #
687 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
688 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
689 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
690 #
691 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
692 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
693 #
694 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
695 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
696 #
697 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
698 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
699 #
700 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
701 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
702 #
703 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
704 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
705 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
706 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
707 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
708 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
709 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
710 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
711 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
712 #
713 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
714 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
715
716 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
717 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
718 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
719 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
720 #
721 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
722 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
723 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
724 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
725 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
726 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
727 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
728 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
729 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
730 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
731 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
732 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
733 # rules (Moscow time)
734 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
735
736 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
737 # Unamended version of the act of the
738 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
739 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
740 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
741 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
742 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
743
744 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
745 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
746 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
747 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
748 #
749 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
750 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
751 #
752 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
753 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
754
755 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
756 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
757 # to be standard.
758
759 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
760
761 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
762 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
763 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
764 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
765 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
766
767 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
768 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
769
770 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
771 # The official German names ... are
772 #
773 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
774 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
775 #
776 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
777 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
778 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
779 #
780 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
781 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
782 # Postfach 3345
783 # D-38023 Braunschweig
784 # phone: +49 531 592-0
785 #
786 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
787 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
788 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
789 #
790 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
791 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
792
793
794 # Albania
795 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
796 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
797 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
798 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
799 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
800 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
801 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
802 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
803 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
804 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
805 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
806 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
807 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
808 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
809 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
810 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
811 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
812 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
813 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
814 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
815 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
816 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
817 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
818 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
819 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
820 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
821 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
822 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
823 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
824 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
825 1:00 EU CE%sT
826
827 # Andorra
828 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
829 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
830 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
831 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
832 1:00 EU CE%sT
833
834 # Austria
835
836 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
837
838 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
839 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
840 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
841 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
842 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
843 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
844
845 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
846 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
847 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
848 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
850 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
853 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
854 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
855 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
856 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
857 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
858 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
859 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
860 1:00 - CET 1946
861 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
862 1:00 EU CE%sT
863
864 # Belarus
865 #
866 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
867 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
868 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
869 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
870 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
871 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
872 #
873 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
874 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
875 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
876 #
877 # Sources (Russian language):
878 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
879 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
880 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
881 #
882 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
883 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
884 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
885 #
886 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
887 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
888 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
889 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
890 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
891 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
892 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
893 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
894 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
895 3:00 - +03
896
897 # Belgium
898 #
899 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
900 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
901 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
902 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
903 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
904 # pp 8-9.
905 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
906 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
907 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
908 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
909 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
910 #
911 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
912 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
913 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
914 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
915 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
916 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
917 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
918 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
919 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
920 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
921 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
922 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
923 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
924 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
925 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
926 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
927 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
928 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
929 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
930 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
931 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
932 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
933 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
934 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
935 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
936 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
937 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
938 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
940 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
942 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
943 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
944 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
945 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
946 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
947 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
948 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
949 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
950 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
951 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
952 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
953 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
954 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
955 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
956 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
957 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
958 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
959 1:00 EU CE%sT
960
961 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
962 # See Europe/Belgrade.
963
964 # Bulgaria
965 #
966 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
967 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
968 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
969 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
970 #
971 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
972 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
973 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
974 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
975 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
976 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
977 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
978 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
979 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
980 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
981 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
982 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
983 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
984 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
985 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
986 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
987 2:00 EU EE%sT
988
989 # Croatia
990 # See Europe/Belgrade.
991
992 # Cyprus
993 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
994
995 # Czech Republic / Czechia
996 #
997 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
998 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
999 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
1000 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
1001 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
1002 #
1003 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1004 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1005 Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1006 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1007 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1008 Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1009 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1010 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1011 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1012 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1013 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9
1014 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00
1015 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
1016 # 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1017 # Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
1018 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1019 # End of rearguard section.
1020 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1021 1:00 EU CE%sT
1022 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
1023
1024 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
1025
1026 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
1027 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
1028 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
1029 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
1030 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
1031 #
1032 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
1033 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
1034 #
1035 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
1036 # in subsequent decrees with the law
1037 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
1038 #
1039 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
1040 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
1041 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
1042 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
1043 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
1044 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
1045 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
1046 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
1047 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
1048 # was suspended on that night):
1049 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
1050
1051 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
1052 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
1053 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
1054
1055 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
1056 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
1057 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
1058
1059 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1060 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1061 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1062 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1063 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1064 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1065 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1066 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1067 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1068 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1069 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1070 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1071 #
1072 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1073 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1074 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
1075 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1076 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1077 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1078 1:00 EU CE%sT
1079 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1080 0:00 - WET 1981
1081 0:00 EU WE%sT
1082 #
1083 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1084 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1085 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1086 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1087 #
1088 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1089 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1090 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1091 # on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1092 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1093 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1094 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1095
1096 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1097 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1098 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1099 #
1100 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1101 # is according to the following time line:
1102 #
1103 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1104 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1105 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1106 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1107 #
1108 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1109 # introduced.
1110
1111 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1112 #
1113 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1114 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1115 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1116 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1117 #
1118 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1119 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1120 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1121 #
1122 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1123 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1124 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1125 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1126 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1127 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1128 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1129 #
1130 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1131 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1132 #
1133 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1134 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1135 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1136 #
1137 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1138 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1139 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1140 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1141 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1142
1143 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1144 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1145 # there at 2:00 AM.
1146
1147 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1148 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1149 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1150 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1151 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1152 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1153 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1154
1155 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1156 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1157 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1158 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1159 # It is their only National Park.
1160 #
1161 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1162 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1163 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1164 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1165 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1166 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1167 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1168 #
1169 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1170 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1171 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1172 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1173 0:00 - GMT
1174 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1175 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1176 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1177 -1:00 EU -01/+00
1178 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1179 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1180 -3:00 EU -03/-02
1181 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1182 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1183
1184 # Estonia
1185 #
1186 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1187 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1188 #
1189 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1190 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1191 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1192 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1193 #
1194 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1195 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1196 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1197 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1198 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1199 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1200 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1201 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1202 # summer time next spring."
1203
1204 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1205 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1206 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1207 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1208 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1209 #
1210 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1211 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1212 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1213
1214 # From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1215 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1216 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1217 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1218 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1219 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1220 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1221 # after that.
1222
1223 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1224 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1225 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1226 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1227
1228 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1229 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1230 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1231 #
1232 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1233 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1234
1235 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1236 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1237 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1238 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1239 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1240 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1241 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1242 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1243 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1244 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1245 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1246 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1247 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1248 2:00 EU EE%sT
1249
1250 # Finland
1251
1252 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1253 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1254 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1255
1256 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1257 #
1258 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1259 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1260 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1261 # according to the central European standards.
1262 #
1263 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1264 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1265 # Finnish) at
1266 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1267 #
1268 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1269 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1270 #
1271 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1272 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1273 #
1274 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1275 # exist tonight."
1276
1277 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1278 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1279 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1280 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1281 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1282 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1283 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1284 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1285 #
1286 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1287 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1288
1289 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1290 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1291 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1292 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1294
1295 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1296 # round to nearest.
1297
1298 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1299 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1300 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1301 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1302 2:00 EU EE%sT
1303
1304 # Åland Is
1305 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1306
1307
1308 # France
1309
1310 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1311 #
1312 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1313 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1314 #
1315 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1316 # Paris, 1991
1317 #
1318 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1319 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1320
1321
1322 #
1323 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1324 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1325 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1327 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1328 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1329 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1330 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1331 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1332 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1333 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1334 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1335 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1336 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1337 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1338 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1339 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1340 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1341 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1342 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1344 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1345 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1346 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1347 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1348 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1349 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1350 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1351 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1352 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1353 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1354 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1355 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1356 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1357 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1358 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1359 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1360 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1361 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1362 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1363 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1364 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1365 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1366 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1367 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1368 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1369 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1370 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1371 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1372 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1373 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1374 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1375 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1376 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1377 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1378 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1379 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1380 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1381 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1382 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1383 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1384 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1385 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1386 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1387 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1388 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1389 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1390 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1391 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1392 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1393 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1394 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1395 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1396 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1397 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1398 1:00 EU CE%sT
1399
1400 # Germany
1401
1402 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1403 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1404 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1405 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1406
1407 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1408 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1409 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1410 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1411
1412 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1413 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1414 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1415 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1416 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1417
1418
1419 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1420 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1421 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1422 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1423 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1424 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1425 # Go with the PTB.
1426 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1427 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1428 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1429 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1430 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1431
1432 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1433 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1434 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1435
1436 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1437 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1438 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1439 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1440 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1441 1:00 EU CE%sT
1442
1443 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1444 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1445 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1446 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1447 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1448 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1449 #
1450 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1451 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1452
1453 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1454 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1455
1456 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1457
1458 # Georgia
1459 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1460 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1461 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1462
1463 # Gibraltar
1464 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1465 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1466 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1467 1:00 - CET 1982
1468 1:00 EU CE%sT
1469
1470 # Greece
1471 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1472 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1473 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1474 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1475 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1476 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1477 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1478 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1479 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1480 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1481 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1482 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1483 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1484 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1485 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1486 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1487 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1489 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1490 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1491 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1492 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1493 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1494 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1495 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1496 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1497 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1498 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1499 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1500 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1501 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1502 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1503 2:00 EU EE%sT
1504
1505 # Hungary
1506 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1507 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1508 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1509 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1510 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1511 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1512 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1513 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1514 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1515 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1516 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1517 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1518 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1519 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1520 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1521 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1522 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1523 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1524 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1525 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1526 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1527 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1529 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1530 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1531 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1532 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1533 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1534 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1535 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1536 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1537 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1538 1:00 EU CE%sT
1539
1540 # Iceland
1541 #
1542 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1543 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1544 #
1545 # (1993-12-05):
1546 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1547 # Iceland Almanak.
1548 #
1549 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1550 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1551 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1552 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1553 #
1554 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1555 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1556 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1557 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1558 #
1559 # (1993-12-10):
1560 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1561 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1562 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1563 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1564 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1565 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1566 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1567 # might mean something else (???).
1568 #
1569 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1570 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1571 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1572 #
1573 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1574 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1575 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1576 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1577 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1578 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1579 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1580 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1581 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1582 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1583 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1584 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1585 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1586 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1587 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1588 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1589 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1590 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1591 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1592 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1593 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1594 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1595 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1596 0:00 - GMT
1597
1598 # Italy
1599 #
1600 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1601 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1602 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1603 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1604 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1605 # so record only the time in Rome.
1606 #
1607 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1608 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1609 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1610 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1611 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1612 #
1613 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1614 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1615 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1616 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1617 # (2016-10-24):
1618 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1619 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1620 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1621 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1622 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1623 #
1624 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1625 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1626 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1627 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1628 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1629 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1630 #
1631 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1632 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1633 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1634 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1635 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1636 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1637 #
1638 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1639 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1640 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1641 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1642 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1643 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1644 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1645 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1646 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1647 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1648 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1649 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1650 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1651 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1652 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1653 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1654 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1655 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1656 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1657 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1658 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1659 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1660 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1661 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1662 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1663 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1664 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1665 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1666 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1667 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1668 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1669 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1670 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1671 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1672 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1673 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1674 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1675 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1676 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1677 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1678 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1679 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1680 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1681 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1682 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1683 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1684 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1685 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1686 1:00 EU CE%sT
1687
1688 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1689 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1690
1691 # Latvia
1692
1693 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1694
1695 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1696 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1697 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1698 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1699 #
1700 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1701 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1702 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1703 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1704 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1705 #
1706 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1707 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1708 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1709 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1710 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1711 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1712 #
1713 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1714 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1715 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1716 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1717 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1718 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1719 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1720 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1721 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1722 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1723 #
1724 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1725 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1726 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1727
1728 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1729 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1730 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1731 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1732 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1733
1734 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1735 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1736 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1737 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1738 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1739 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1740 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1741 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1742 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1743 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1744 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1745 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1746 # appears that they will not do so....
1747
1748 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1749 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1750 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1751
1752 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1753 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1754 # Go with Byalokoz.
1755
1756 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1757 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1758 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1759 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1760 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1761 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1762 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1763 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1764 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1765 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1766 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1767 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1768 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1769 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1770 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1771 2:00 EU EE%sT
1772
1773 # Liechtenstein
1774
1775 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1776 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1777
1778 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1779 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1780 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1781 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1782 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1783 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1784 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1785 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1786 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1787
1788 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1789
1790
1791 # Lithuania
1792
1793 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1794 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1795
1796 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1797 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1798 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1799
1800 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1801 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1802 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1803
1804 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1805 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1806 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1807 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1808 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1809 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1810 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1811 # already done by Estonia.
1812
1813 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1814 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1815 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1816
1817 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1818 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1819 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1820 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1821 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1822 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1823 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1824
1825
1826 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1827 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1828 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1829 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1830 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1831 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1832 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1833 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1834 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1835 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1836 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1837 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1838 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1839 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1840 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1841 2:00 EU EE%sT
1842
1843 # Luxembourg
1844 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1845 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1846 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1847 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1848 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1849 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1850 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1851 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1852 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1853 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1854 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1855 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1856 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1857 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1858 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1859 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1860 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1861 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1862 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1863 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1864 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1865 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1866 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1867 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1868 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1869 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1870 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1871 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1872 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1873 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1874 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1875 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1876 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1877 1:00 EU CE%sT
1878
1879 # North Macedonia
1880 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1881
1882 # Malta
1883 #
1884 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1885 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1886 #
1887 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1888 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1889 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1890 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1891 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1892 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1893 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1894 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1895 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1896 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1897 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1898 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1899 1:00 EU CE%sT
1900
1901 # Moldova
1902
1903 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1904 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1905 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1906 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1907 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1908 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1909 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1910 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1911 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1912
1913 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1914 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1915 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1916 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1917 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1918 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1919 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1920 # But [two people] separately reported via
1921 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1922 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1923 #
1924 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1925 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1926 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1927 # to the Winter Time).
1928 #
1929 # News (in Russian):
1930 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1931 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1932 #
1933 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1934 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1935 #
1936 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1937 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1938 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1939 #
1940 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1941 #
1942 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1943 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1944 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1945 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1946 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1947 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1948 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1949 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1950
1951 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1952 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1953 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1954 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1955 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1956 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1957 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1958 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1959
1960 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1961 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1962 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1963
1964 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1965 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1966 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1967 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1968 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1969 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1970 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1971 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1972 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1973 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1974 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1975 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1976
1977 # Monaco
1978 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1979 # more precise 0:09:21.
1980 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1981 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1982 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1983 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1984 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1985 1:00 EU CE%sT
1986
1987 # Montenegro
1988 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1989
1990 # Netherlands
1991
1992 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1993 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1994
1995 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1996 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1997 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1998 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1999 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
2000 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
2001 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
2002 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
2003 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
2004 #
2005 # (2001-04-08):
2006 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
2007 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
2008 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
2009 #
2010 # (2001-04-09):
2011 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
2012 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
2013 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
2014 # actually followed.
2015 #
2016 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
2017 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
2018 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
2019 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
2020 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
2021 #
2022 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
2023 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
2024 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
2025 # Amsterdam mean time.
2026
2027 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
2028 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
2029
2030 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2031 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
2032 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
2033 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
2034 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
2035 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2036 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2037 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2038 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2039 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2040 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2041 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2042 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2043 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2044 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2045 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2046 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2047 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2048 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2049 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2050 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2051 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2052 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2053 #
2054 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
2055 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
2056 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2057 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2058 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2059 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2060 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2061 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2062 1:00 EU CE%sT
2063
2064 # Norway
2065 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2066 # Pottenger.
2067 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2068 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2069 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2070 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2071 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2072 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2073 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2074 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2075 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2076 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
2077 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
2078 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2079 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
2080 1:00 EU CE%sT
2081
2082 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2083
2084 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2085 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2086 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2087 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2088 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2089 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2090 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2091 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2092 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2093 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2094 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2095 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2096 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2097 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2098 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2099 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2100 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2101 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2102
2103 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2104 #
2105 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2106 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2107 # keeping Berlin time.
2108 #
2109 # <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2110 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2111 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2112 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2113 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2114 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2115 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2116 #
2117 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2118 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2119 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2120 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2121 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2122 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2123 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2124 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2125 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2126 #
2127 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2128 # for these regions.
2129 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2130
2131 # Poland
2132
2133 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2134 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2135
2136 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2137 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2138 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2139 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2140 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2141 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2142 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2143 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2144 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2145 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2146 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2147 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2148 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2149 # He also gives these further references:
2150 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2151 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2152 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2153 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2154 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2155 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2156 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2157 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2158 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2159 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2160 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2161 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2162 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2163 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2164 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2165 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2166 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2167 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2168 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2169 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2170 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2171 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2172 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2173 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2174 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2175 1:00 EU CE%sT
2176
2177 # Portugal
2178
2179 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2180 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2181 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2182 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2183 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2184 #
2185 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2186 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2187 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2188 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2189 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2190
2191 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2192 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2193 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2194 #
2195 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2196 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2197 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2198 #
2199 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2200 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2201 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2202 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2203 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2204 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2205 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2206 #
2207 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2208 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2209 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2210 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2211 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2212 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2213 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2214 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2215 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2216 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2217 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2218 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2219 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2220 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2221 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2222 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2223 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2224 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2225 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2226 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2227 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2228 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2229 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2230 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2231 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2232 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2233 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2234 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2235 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2236 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2237 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2238 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2239 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2240 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2241 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2242 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2243 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2244 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2245 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2246 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2247 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2248 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2249 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2250 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2251 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2252 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2253 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2254 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2255 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2256 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2257 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2258 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2259 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2260 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2261 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2262 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2263 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2264 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2265 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2266 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2267 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2268 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2269 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2270 #
2271 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2272 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2273 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2274 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2275 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2276 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2277 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2278 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2279 0:00 EU WE%sT
2280 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2281 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2282 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2283 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2284 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2285 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2286 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2287 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2288 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2289 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2290 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2291 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2292 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2293 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2294 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2295 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2296 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2297 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2298 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
2299 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2300 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2301 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2302 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2303 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2304 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2305 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2306 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2307 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2308 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2309 0:00 EU WE%sT
2310
2311 # Romania
2312 #
2313 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2314 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2315 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2316 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2317 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2318 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2319 #
2320 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2321 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2322 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2323 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2324 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2325 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2326 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2327 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2328 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2329 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2330 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2331 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2332 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2333 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2334 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2335 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2336 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2337 2:00 EU EE%sT
2338
2339
2340 # Russia
2341
2342 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2343 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2344 # (Government document
2345 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2346 # in Russian)
2347 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2348 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2349 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2350 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2351
2352 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2353 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2354 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2355 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2356
2357 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2358 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2359 # changed in September 2011:
2360 #
2361 # One source is
2362 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2363 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2364 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2365 #
2366 # Another source is
2367 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2368 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2369 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2370 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2371 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2372 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2373 #
2374 # Another source is
2375 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2376 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2377 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2378 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2379 #
2380 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2381 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2382 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2383 #
2384 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2385 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2386 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2387 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2388 # Conradi notes).
2389 #
2390 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2391 #
2392 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2393
2394 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2395 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2396 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2397 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2398 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2399 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2400 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2401 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2402 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2403 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2404 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2405 #
2406 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2407 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2408 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2409 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2410 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2411 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
2412 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2413
2414 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2415 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2416 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2417 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2418 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2419 #
2420 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2421 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2422 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2423 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2424 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2425 #
2426 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2427 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2428 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2429 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2430 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2431 #
2432 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2433 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2434 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2435 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2436 #
2437 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2438 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2439 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2440 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2441 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2442 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2443 #
2444 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2445 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2446 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2447 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2448 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2449 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2450 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2451 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2452
2453 # From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
2454 # this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
2455 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
2456 #
2457 # From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
2458 # Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
2459 # to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union. It cites the following:
2460 # «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
2461 # отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
2462 # приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
2463 # единой службы времени, 1956 г.
2464 # This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
2465 # Union through 1956. Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
2466 # of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
2467 #
2468 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
2469 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
2470 # says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
2471 # implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
2472 # There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
2473 # the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
2474 # numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules. For example,
2475 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
2476 # says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
2477 # were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map. By 1989 number of such
2478 # exceptions grew considerably.
2479
2480 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2481 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2482 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2483 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2484 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2485 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2486 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2487 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2488 # divisions where available.
2489
2490 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2491 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2492 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2493
2494 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2495 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2496
2497 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2498 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2499 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2500 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2501 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2502 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2503 # ...
2504 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2505 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2506 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2507 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2508
2509 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2510 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2511 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2512 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2513 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2514 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2515 2:00 - EET
2516
2517
2518 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2519 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2520 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2521 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2522 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2523 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2524 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2525 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2526 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2527 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2528 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2529 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2530 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2531 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2532 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2533 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2534 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2535 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2536 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2537 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2538 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2539 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2540 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2541 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2542 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2543 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2544 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2545 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2546 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2547 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2548 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2549 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2550 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2551 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2552 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2553 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2554 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2555 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2556 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2557 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2558 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2559 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2560 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2561 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2562 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2563 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2564 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2565 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2566
2567 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2568 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2569 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2570 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2571 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2572 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2573 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2574 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2575 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2576
2577 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2578 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2579 # Wikipedia refers to
2580 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2581 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2582 #
2583 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2584 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2585 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2586 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2587 # time belt changes map).
2588 #
2589 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2590 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2591 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2592 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2593 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2594 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2595 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2596 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2597 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2598 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2599 # is also provided.
2600 #
2601 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2602 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2603 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2604 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2605 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2606 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2607 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2608 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2609 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2610 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2611 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2612 # time.
2613 #
2614 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2615 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2616 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2617 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2618 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2619 #
2620 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2621 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2622 #
2623 # 12. Udmurtia
2624 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2625 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2626 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2627 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2628 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2629 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2630 #
2631 # ...
2632 #
2633 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2634 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2635 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2636 #
2637 # There were some exceptions, though.
2638 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2639 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2640 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2641 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2642 #
2643 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2644 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2645 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2646 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2647 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2648 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2649 # 2 days before the switch.
2650 #
2651 #
2652 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2653 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2654 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2655 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2656 # time in Moscow.
2657
2658 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2659 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2660 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2661 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2662 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2663 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2664 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2665 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2666 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2667 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2668 # 2:31:19 ...
2669 #
2670 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2671 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2672 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2673 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2674 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2675
2676 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2677 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2678 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2679 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2680 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2681 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2682 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2683 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2684 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2685 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2686 3:00 - MSK
2687
2688
2689 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2690 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2691
2692 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2693 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2694 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2695 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2696 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2697 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2698 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2699 2:00 - EET 1992
2700 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2701 #
2702 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2703 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2704 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2705 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2706 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2707 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2708 # changed in May.
2709 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2710 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2711 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2712 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2713 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2714 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2715 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2716 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2717 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2718 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2719 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2720 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2721 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2722 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2723 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2724 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2725 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2726 3:00 - MSK
2727
2728
2729 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2730 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2731 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2732 #
2733 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2734
2735 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2736 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2737 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2738 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2739 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2740 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2741
2742 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2743 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2744 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2745 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2746 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2747 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2748 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2749 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2750 4:00 - +04
2751
2752 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2753 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2754 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2755 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2756
2757 # From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
2758 # Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
2759 # timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
2760 # http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
2761 #
2762 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
2763 # The law has been published today on
2764 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
2765
2766 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2767 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2768 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2769 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2770 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2771 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2772 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2773 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2774 3:00 - +03 2018 Oct 28 2:00s
2775 4:00 - +04
2776
2777 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2778 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2779 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2780
2781 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2782 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2783 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2784 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2785 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2786 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2787
2788 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2789 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2790 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2791 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2792 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2793 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2794 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2795 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2796 4:00 - +04
2797
2798 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2799 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2800 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2801 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2802 #
2803 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2804 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2805 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2806 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2807 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2808 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2809 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2810 3:00 - +03
2811
2812 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2813 # Europe/Samara covers...
2814 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2815 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2816
2817 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2818 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2819 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2820
2821 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2822 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2823 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2824 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2825 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2826 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2827 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2828 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2829 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2830 4:00 - +04
2831
2832 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2833 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2834 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2835
2836 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2837
2838 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2839 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2840 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2841 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2842 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2843 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2844
2845 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2846 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2847 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2848 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2849 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2850 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2851 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2852 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2853 4:00 - +04
2854
2855 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2856 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2857 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2858 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2859 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2860 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2861 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2862 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2863 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2864 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2865 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2866 #
2867 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2868 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2869
2870 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2871 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2872 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2873 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2874
2875 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2876 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2877 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2878 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2879 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2880 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2881 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2882 5:00 - +05
2883
2884
2885 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2886 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2887 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2888
2889 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2890
2891 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2892 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2893 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2894 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2895 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2896 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2897 6:00 - +06
2898
2899 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2900 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2901 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2902 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2903
2904 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2905
2906 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2907 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2908 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2909 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2910 # 1995-05-28.
2911 #
2912 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2913 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2914 # before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
2915 # after 1957: UT+7
2916 # since 1995: UT+6
2917 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2918 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2919
2920 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2921 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2922 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2923 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2924 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2925 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2926 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2927 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2928
2929 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2930 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2931 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2932 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2933 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2934 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2935 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2936 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2937 7:00 - +07
2938
2939 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2940 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2941 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2942
2943 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2944 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2945 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2946 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2947 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2948 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2949
2950 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2951 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2952 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2953 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2954 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2955 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2956 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2957 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2958 7:00 - +07
2959
2960 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2961 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2962 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2963
2964 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2965 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2966
2967 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2968 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2969
2970 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2971 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2972 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2973 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2974 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2975 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2976 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2977 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2978 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2979
2980 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2981 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2982 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2983 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2984 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2985 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2986 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2987 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2988 # recent changes).
2989 #
2990 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2991 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2992 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2993 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2994 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2995 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2996 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2997 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2998
2999 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
3000 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
3001
3002 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
3003 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3004 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3005 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3006 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
3007 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3008 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3009 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
3010 7:00 - +07
3011
3012
3013 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3014 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
3015 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
3016
3017 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
3018 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
3019 # March 28, 2010:
3020 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
3021 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
3022 #
3023 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
3024 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
3025 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
3026 #
3027 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
3028 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
3029 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
3030 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
3031 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
3032 #
3033 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
3034 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
3035
3036 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3037 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
3038 # realigning itself with KRAT.
3039
3040 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
3041 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3042 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3043 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3044 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3045 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3046 7:00 - +07
3047
3048 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3049 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
3050 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
3051 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
3052 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
3053 #
3054 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
3055 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
3056
3057 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
3058
3059 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
3060 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
3061 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3062 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3063 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3064 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3065 7:00 - +07
3066
3067
3068 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3069 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
3070 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
3071 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
3072 #
3073 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
3074 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
3075
3076 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
3077 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
3078 # Go with Byalokoz.
3079
3080 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
3081 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
3082 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
3083 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3084 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3085 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3086 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3087 8:00 - +08
3088
3089
3090 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3091 # Asia/Chita covers...
3092 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
3093 #
3094 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
3095 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
3096
3097 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
3098 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
3099 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
3100 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
3101 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
3102
3103 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3104 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3105 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3106 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3107 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3108 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3109 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
3110 9:00 - +09
3111
3112
3113 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3114 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
3115 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
3116 #
3117 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3118 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
3119 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
3120 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
3121 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
3122 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
3123 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
3124 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
3125 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
3126 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
3127 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
3128 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
3129 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
3130 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
3131 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
3132 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
3133 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
3134 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
3135 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
3136 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
3137 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
3138 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
3139 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
3140 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3141
3142 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3143 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3144 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3145 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3146
3147 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3148
3149 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3150 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3151 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3152 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3153 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3154 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3155 9:00 - +09
3156
3157
3158 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3159 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3160 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3161 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3162 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3163 #
3164 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3165 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3166 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3167
3168 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3169 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3170 # Go with Byalokoz.
3171
3172 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3173 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3174 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3175 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3176 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3177 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3178 10:00 - +10
3179
3180
3181 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3182 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3183 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3184 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3185
3186 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3187 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3188 # in 2011.
3189
3190 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3191 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3192 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3193 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3194
3195 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3196 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3197 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3198 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3199 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3200 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3201 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3202 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3203 9:00 - +09
3204
3205
3206 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3207 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3208 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3209 # ...with the exception of:
3210 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3211
3212 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3213 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3214 # (2016-03-09):
3215 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3216
3217 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3218 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3219 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3220 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3221 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3222 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3223 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3224 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3225 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3226 11:00 - +11
3227
3228
3229 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3230 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3231 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3232
3233 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3234 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3235 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3236 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3237 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3238 # need their own zone.
3239
3240 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3241 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3242 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3243 #
3244 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3245 # ... signed by the President today ...
3246 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3247
3248 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3249 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3250 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3251 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3252 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3253 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3254 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3255 11:00 - +11
3256
3257
3258 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3259 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3260 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3261 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3262 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3263 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3264 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3265 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3266 #
3267 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3268 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3269
3270 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3271 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3272 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3273 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3274 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3275 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3276
3277 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3278 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3279 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3280 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3281 #
3282 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3283 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3284 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3285 # each! (Yikes!)
3286 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3287 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3288 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3289 #
3290 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3291 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3292 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3293 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3294 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3295 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3296 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3297 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3298
3299 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3300 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3301 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3302 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3303 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3304 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3305 11:00 - +11
3306
3307
3308 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3309 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3310 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3311
3312 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3313 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3314 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3315 #
3316 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3317 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3318 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3319 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3320 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3321
3322 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3323 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3324 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3325 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3326 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3327 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3328 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3329 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3330 10:00 - +10
3331
3332
3333 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3334 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3335 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3336 #
3337 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3338 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3339
3340 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3341 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3342 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3343 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3344 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3345 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3346 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3347 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3348 12:00 - +12
3349
3350
3351 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3352 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3353 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3354
3355 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3356 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3357 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3358 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3359 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3360 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3361 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3362 12:00 - +12
3363
3364
3365 # San Marino
3366 # See Europe/Rome.
3367
3368 # Serbia
3369 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3370 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3371 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3372 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3373 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3374 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3375 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3376 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3377 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3378 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3379 1:00 EU CE%sT
3380 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3381 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3382 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3383 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # North Macedonia
3384 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3385
3386 # Slovakia
3387 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3388
3389 # Slovenia
3390 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3391
3392 # Spain
3393 #
3394 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3395 #
3396 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3397 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3398 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3399 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3400 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3401 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3402 #
3403 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3404 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3405 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3406 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3407 # the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
3408 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3409 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3410
3411 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3412 # The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3413 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3414 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3415 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3416 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3417 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3418
3419 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3420 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3421 Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
3422 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
3423 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
3424 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
3425 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
3426 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3427 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
3428 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3429 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
3430 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3431 Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
3432 Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
3433 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3434 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
3435 Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
3436 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3437 #
3438 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3439 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3440 # 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3441 # change during that period.
3442 #
3443 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3444 #Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3445 Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
3446 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
3447 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
3448 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3449 Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3450 Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3451 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3452 Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
3453 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
3454 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3455 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3456 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3457 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3458 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3459 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3460 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3461 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3462 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3463 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3464 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
3465 # except with "S" letters.
3466 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3467 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3468 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3469 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3470 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3471 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3472 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3473 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3474 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3475 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3476 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3477 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3478 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3479 1:00 EU CE%sT
3480 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3481 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3482 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3483 0:00 - WET 1924
3484 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3485 0:00 - WET 1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
3486 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3487 1:00 - CET 1986
3488 1:00 EU CE%sT
3489 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3490 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3491 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3492 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3493 0:00 EU WE%sT
3494 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3495 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3496
3497 # Sweden
3498
3499 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3500 #
3501 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3502 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3503 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3504 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3505 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3506 #
3507 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
3508 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3509 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3510 #
3511 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3512 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3513 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3514 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3515 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3516 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3517 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3518 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3519 #
3520 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3521 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3522 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3523 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3524 #
3525 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3526 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3527 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3528 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3529 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3530 # the Sök-button).
3531 #
3532 # (2001-05-13):
3533 #
3534 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3535 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3536 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3537 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3538 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3539 # hour before the event took place.
3540 #
3541 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3542
3543 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3544 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3545 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3546 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3547 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3548 1:00 - CET 1980
3549 1:00 EU CE%sT
3550
3551 # Switzerland
3552 # From Howse:
3553 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3554 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3555 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3556 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3557 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3558 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3559 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3560 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3561 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3562 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3563
3564 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3565 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3566 #
3567 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3568 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3569 #
3570 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3571 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3572 # federal law collection)...
3573 #
3574 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3575 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3576 #
3577 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3578 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3579 #
3580 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3581 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3582 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3583 # other years are made.
3584 #
3585 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3586 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3587 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3588 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3589 #
3590 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3591 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3592 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3593 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3594 #
3595 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3596 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3597 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3598 #
3599 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3600 #
3601 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3602 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3603 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3604 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3605 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3606 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3607 #
3608 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3609 # The Federal regulations say
3610 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3611 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3612 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3613
3614 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3615 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3616 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3617 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3618 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3619 # hour before the beginning of service.
3620
3621 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3622 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3623 #
3624 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3625 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3626 #
3627 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3628 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3629 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3630 #
3631 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3632 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3633 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3634 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3635 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3636 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3637 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3638 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3639 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3640 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3641 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3642
3643 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3644 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3645 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3646 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3647 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3648 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3649 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3650 1:00 EU CE%sT
3651
3652 # Turkey
3653
3654 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3655 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3656 # no exceptions.
3657 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3658 # Here are official papers:
3659 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3660 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3661 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3662 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3663 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3664 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3665 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3666 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3667 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3668 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3669 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3670 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3671 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
3672
3673 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3674 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3675 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3676 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3677 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3678 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3679 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3680 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3681 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3682
3683 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3684 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3685 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3686 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3687 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3688 # Turkish:
3689 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
3690
3691 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3692 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3693 # Turkish Local election....
3694 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3695 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3696 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3697 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3698 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3699 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3700 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3701 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3702 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3703 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3704 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3705 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3706
3707 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3708 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3709 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3710 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3711 #
3712 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3713 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3714 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3715 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3716 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3717
3718 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3719 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3720 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3721 #
3722 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3723 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3724 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3725
3726 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
3727 # Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
3728 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
3729 #
3730 # From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
3731 # ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
3732 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
3733 # From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
3734 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
3735 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
3736
3737 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3738 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3739 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3740 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3741 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3742 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3743 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3744 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3745 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3746 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3747 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3748 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3749 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3750 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3751 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3752 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3753 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3754 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3755 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3756 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3757 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3758 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3759 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3760 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3761 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3762 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3763 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3764 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3765 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3766 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3767 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3768 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3769 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3770 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3771 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3772 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3773 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3774 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3775 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3776 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3777 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3778 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3779 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3780 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3781 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3782 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3783 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3784 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3785 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3786 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3787 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3788 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3789 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3790 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3791 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3792 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3793 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3794 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3795 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3796 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3797 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3798 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3799 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3800 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3801 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3802 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3803 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3804 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3805 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3806 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3807 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3808 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3809 3:00 - +03
3810 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3811
3812 # Ukraine
3813 #
3814 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3815 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3816 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3817 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3818 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3819 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3820 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3821
3822 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3823 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3824 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3825 #
3826 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3827 # approval from 266 deputies.
3828 #
3829 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3830 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3831 #
3832 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3833 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3834 #
3835 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3836 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3837 #
3838 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3839 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3840 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3841 # time this year after all.
3842 #
3843 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3844 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3845 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3846 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3847 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3848 #
3849 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3850 # The law documents themselves are at
3851 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3852
3853 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3854 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3855 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3856 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3857 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3858 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3859 #
3860 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3861 # "summer time" was still in action):
3862 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3863 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3864 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3865 #
3866 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3867 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3868 #
3869 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3870 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3871 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3872 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3873 # This is an answer.
3874 #
3875 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3876 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3877 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3878 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3879 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3880
3881 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
3882 # As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
3883 # For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
3884 # English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
3885 # transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ". This is similar to tzdb's use of
3886 # Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
3887 # "Praha". ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
3888 # came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
3889 # in common.) Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
3890 # controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
3891 # English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
3892 # means less disruption for our users.
3893 #
3894 # Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
3895 # Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
3896 # Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA). This pronunciation has nothing like an
3897 # English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
3898 # would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
3899 # "Kuiyu". Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
3900 # https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg
3901
3902 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3903 # This represents most of Ukraine. See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
3904 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3905 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3906 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3907 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3908 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3909 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3910 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3911 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3912 2:00 EU EE%sT
3913 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3914 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3915 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3916 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3917 1:00 - CET 1940
3918 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3919 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3920 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3921 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3922 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3923 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3924 2:00 - EET 1992
3925 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3926 2:00 EU EE%sT
3927 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3928 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3929 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3930 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3931 # portable Posix file names.
3932 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3933 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
3934 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3935 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3936 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3937 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3938 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3939 2:00 EU EE%sT
3940
3941 # Vatican City
3942 # See Europe/Rome.
3943
3944 ###############################################################################
3945
3946 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3947 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3948 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3949 #
3950 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3951 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3952 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3953 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3954 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3955 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3956
3957 # ...
3958 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3959 # From: Tom Hofmann
3960 # ...
3961 #
3962 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3963 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3964 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3965 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3966 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3967 # years...
3968 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3969 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3970 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3971 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3972 #
3973 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3974 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3975 #
3976 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3977 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3978 # ...
3979
3980 # ...
3981 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3982 # From: Dik T. Winter
3983 # ...
3984 #
3985 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3986 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3987 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3988 #
3989 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3990 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3991 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3992 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3993 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3994 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3995 # dates...
3996 #
3997 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3998 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3999 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
4000 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
4001 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
4002 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
4003 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
4004 # in advance of normal time.
4005 #
4006 # ...
4007 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
4008 # ...
4009
4010 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
4011 # ...
4012 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
4013 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
4014 # ...
4015 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
4016 # ...