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6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
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9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
26
27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
33 #
34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
38 #
39 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
40 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
42 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
47 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
48 # I found in the UCLA library.
49 #
50 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
51 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
52 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
53 #
54 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
55 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
56 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
57 #
58 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
59 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
60 #
61 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
62 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
63 # Corrections are welcome!
64 # std dst
65 # LMT Local Mean Time
66 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
67 # 2:00 IST IDT Israel
68 # 3:00 AST ADT Arabia*
69 # 3:30 IRST IRDT Iran*
70 # 4:00 GST Gulf*
71 # 5:30 IST India
72 # 7:00 ICT Indochina, most times and locations*
73 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
74 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
75 # 8:00 CST China
76 # 8:00 IDT Indochina, 1943-45, 1947-55, 1960-75 (some locations)*
77 # 8:00 JWST Western Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)*
78 # 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830*
79 # 9:00 JCST Central Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)
80 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
81 # 9:00 JST JDT Japan
82 # 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
83 # 9:30 ACST Australian Central Standard Time
84 #
85 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
86
87 # From Guy Harris:
88 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
89 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
90 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
91 # Worldwide Edition). The names for time zones are guesses.
92
93 ###############################################################################
94
95 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
96 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
97 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
98 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
99 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
100 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
101 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
102 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
103 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
104 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
105 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
106 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
107 Rule RussiaAsia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
108 Rule RussiaAsia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
109 Rule RussiaAsia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
110 Rule RussiaAsia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
111 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
112
113 # Afghanistan
114 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
115 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
116 4:00 - AFT 1945
117 4:30 - AFT
118
119 # Armenia
120 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
121 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
122 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
123 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
124 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
125 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
126 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
127 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
128 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
129
130 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
131 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
132 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
133
134 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
135 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
136 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
137 #
138 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
139 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
140 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
141 # or
142 # (brief)
143 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
144 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
145 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
146 3:00 - YERT 1957 Mar # Yerevan Time
147 4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
148 3:00 1:00 YERST 1991 Sep 23 # independence
149 3:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
150 4:00 - AMT 1997
151 4:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT 2012 Mar 25 2:00s
152 4:00 - AMT
153
154 # Azerbaijan
155 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
156 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
157 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
158 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
159 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
160 Rule Azer 1997 max - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 S
161 Rule Azer 1997 max - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
162 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
163 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
164 3:00 - BAKT 1957 Mar # Baku Time
165 4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
166 3:00 1:00 BAKST 1991 Aug 30 # independence
167 3:00 RussiaAsia AZ%sT 1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
168 4:00 - AZT 1996 # Azerbaijan Time
169 4:00 EUAsia AZ%sT 1997
170 4:00 Azer AZ%sT
171
172 # Bahrain
173 # See Asia/Qatar.
174
175 # Bangladesh
176 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
177 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
178 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
179 #
180 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
181 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
182 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
183 #
184 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
185 # June
186 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
187 # crippling power crisis. "
188 #
189 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
190 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
191
192 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
193 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
194 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
195 #
196 # Some sources:
197 # http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
198 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
199 #
200 # Our wrap-up:
201 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
202
203 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
204 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
205 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
206 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
207 #
208 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
209
210 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
211 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
212 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
213 #
214 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
215 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
216 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
217 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
218
219 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
220 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
221 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
222 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
223 # "continue for an indefinite period."
224 #
225 # One of many places where it is published:
226 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
227
228 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
229 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
230 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
231 #
232 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
233 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
234 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
235 #
236 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
237 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
238 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
239 # Minister's Office last night..."
240
241 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
242 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
243 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
244 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
245 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
246
247 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
248 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 S
249 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
250
251 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
252 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
253 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
254 6:30 - BURT 1942 May 15 # Burma Time
255 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
256 6:30 - BURT 1951 Sep 30
257 6:00 - DACT 1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time
258 6:00 - BDT 2009
259 6:00 Dhaka BD%sT
260
261 # Bhutan
262 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
263 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
264 5:30 - IST 1987 Oct
265 6:00 - BTT # Bhutan Time
266
267 # British Indian Ocean Territory
268 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
269 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
270 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
271 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
272 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
273 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
274 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
275 5:00 - IOT 1996 # BIOT Time
276 6:00 - IOT
277
278 # Brunei
279 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
280 Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
281 7:30 - BNT 1933
282 8:00 - BNT
283
284 # Burma / Myanmar
285
286 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
287
288 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
289 Zone Asia/Rangoon 6:24:40 - LMT 1880 # or Yangon
290 6:24:40 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon Mean Time?
291 6:30 - BURT 1942 May # Burma Time
292 9:00 - JST 1945 May 3
293 6:30 - MMT # Myanmar Time
294
295 # Cambodia
296 # See Asia/Bangkok.
297
298
299 # China
300
301 # From Guy Harris:
302 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
303
304 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
305 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
306 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
307 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
308 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
309 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
310 #
311 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
312 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
313 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
314 #
315 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
316 # 1987 mid-April - ??
317
318 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
319 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
320 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
321
322 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
323 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
324 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
325 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
326
327 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
328 # Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
329 # this doesn't seem to be correct. They also write that China observed summer
330 # DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
331 # go with them for DST rules as follows:
332 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
333 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
334 Rule Shang 1940 1941 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
335 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 16 0:00 1:00 D
336 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 D
337 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 0:00 0 S
338 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=10 0:00 1:00 D
339
340 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
341 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
342 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
343 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
344 #
345 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
346 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
347 # http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
348 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
349 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
350 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
351 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
352 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
353 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
354 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
355
356 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
357 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
358 #
359 # (1)
360 # Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
361 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
362 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
363 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
364 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
365 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
366 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
367 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
368 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
369 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
370 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
371 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
372 #
373 # (2)
374 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
375 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
376 # [undated and unknown publication location]
377 # It says several things:
378 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
379 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
380 # the official calendar book of 1914.
381 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
382 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
383 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
384 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
385 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
386 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
387 # became used by railways as well.
388 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
389 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
390 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
391 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
392 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
393 # Japanese-occupied territory.
394 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
395 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
396 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
397 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
398 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
399 #
400 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
401 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
402 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
403 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
404 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT+8.
405 #
406 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
407 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
408 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
409 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
410 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
411 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
412 #
413 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT+8.5
414 # Asia/Harbin (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
415 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
416 #
417 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT+8
418 # Asia/Shanghai
419 # most of China
420 # This currently represents most other zones as well,
421 # as apparently these regions have been the same since 1970.
422 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
423 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT+8 "from the end of the 19th century".
424 #
425 # Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area) UT+7
426 # Asia/Chongqing (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
427 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
428 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
429 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
430 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
431 #
432 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT+6
433 # Asia/Urumqi
434 # This currently represents Kunlun Time as well,
435 # as apparently the two regions have been the same since 1970.
436 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
437 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
438 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
439 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
440 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
441 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
442 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
443 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
444 #
445 # Kunlun Time UT+5.5
446 # Asia/Kashgar (currently a link to Asia/Urumqi)
447 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
448 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
449 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
450 # and Yarkand.
451
452 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
453 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
454 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
455 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
456 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
457 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
458 #
459 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
460 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
461 # hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
462 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
463 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
464 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
465 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
466 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
467 #
468 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
469 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
470 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
471 #
472 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
473 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
474 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
475 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
476 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
477
478 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
479 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
480 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
481 #
482 # 1. Wulumuqi...
483 # 2. Kashi...
484 # 3. Urumqi...
485 # 4. Kashgar...
486 # ...
487 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
488 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
489 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
490 #
491 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
492 # start date for Xinjiang time.
493 #
494 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
495 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
496 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
497 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
498
499 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
500 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
501 # http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
502
503 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
504 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
505 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
506 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
507 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
508 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
509 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
510 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
511 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
512 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
513 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
514 # having the same time as Beijing.
515
516 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
517 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT+6) but
518 # this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
519 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
520 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
521 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
522 #
523 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
524 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
525 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
526 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
527 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
528 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
529 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
530 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
531 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
532 # XJT at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
533 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
534 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of UT+8 before
535 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to UT+8 is unknown and
536 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
537 # UT+8 mandate back then.
538
539 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
540 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
541 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
542 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949
543 8:00 PRC C%sT
544 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
545 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
546 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
547 6:00 - XJT
548
549
550 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
551
552 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
553
554 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
555 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
556 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
557 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
558 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
559 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
560 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
561 # obtained from
562 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
563
564 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
565 # Here are the dates given at
566 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
567 # as of 2009-10-28:
568 # Year Period
569 # 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
570 # 1942 Whole year
571 # 1943 Whole year
572 # 1944 Whole year
573 # 1945 Whole year
574 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
575 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
576 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
577 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
578 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
579 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
580 # 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
581 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
582 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
583 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
584 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
585 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
586 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
587 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
588 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
589 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
590 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
591 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
592 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
593 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
594 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
595 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
596 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
597 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
598 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
599 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
600 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
601 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
602 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
603 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
604 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
605 # 1977 Nil
606 # 1978 Nil
607 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
608 # 1980 to Now Nil
609 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
610 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
611 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
612 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
613 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
614 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
615
616 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
617 Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
618 Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
619 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
620 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
621 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
622 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
623 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
624 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
625 Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
626 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
627 Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
628 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
629 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
630 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
631 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
632 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
633 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
634 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
635 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
636 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
637 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
638 8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
639 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
640 8:00 HK HK%sT
641
642 ###############################################################################
643
644 # Taiwan
645
646 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
647 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
648 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
649 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
650
651 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
652 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
653 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
654 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
655 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
656 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
657 # found on Wikisource:
658 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
659 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
660 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
661 # declared officially.
662 #
663 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
664 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
665 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
666 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
667 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
668 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
669 # (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
670 # be found on Wikisource:
671 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
672 #
673 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UTC+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
674
675 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
676 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UTC+9
677 # back to UTC+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
678 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
679 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UTC+8) on Sep 21. And in another
680 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
681 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
682 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
683 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
684 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
685 # that:
686 #
687 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
688 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
689 #
690 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
691 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
692 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
693 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
694 #
695 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
696 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
697 # Time.
698 #
699 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
700 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
701 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
702 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
703 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
704 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
705
706 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
707 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
708 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
709 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
710 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
711 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
712 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
713 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
714 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
715 # would be a good one.
716 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
717 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
718
719 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
720 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
721 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
722 #
723 # Original Bulletin:
724 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
725 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
726 #
727 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
728 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
729 #
730 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
731 #
732 # Here is a brief translation:
733 #
734 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
735 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
736 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
737 #
738 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
739 # be found from historical government announcement database.
740
741 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
742 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT+9 from 1937-10-01
743 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
744 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
745
746 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
747 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
748 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
749 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
750 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
751 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
752 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
753 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
754 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
755 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
756 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
757 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
758 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
759 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
760 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
761 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
762
763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
765 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
766 8:00 - JWST 1937 Oct 1
767 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
768 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
769
770 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
771 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
772 Rule Macau 1961 1962 - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
773 Rule Macau 1961 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
774 Rule Macau 1963 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
775 Rule Macau 1964 only - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
776 Rule Macau 1965 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
777 Rule Macau 1965 only - Oct 31 0:00 0 -
778 Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
779 Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
780 Rule Macau 1972 1974 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
781 Rule Macau 1972 1973 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
782 Rule Macau 1974 1977 - Oct Sun>=15 3:30 0 -
783 Rule Macau 1975 1977 - Apr Sun>=15 3:30 1:00 S
784 Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
785 Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
786 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
787 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
788 8:00 Macau MO%sT 1999 Dec 20 # return to China
789 8:00 PRC C%sT
790
791
792 ###############################################################################
793
794 # Cyprus
795 #
796 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
797 #
798 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
799 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
800 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
801 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
802 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
803 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
804 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
805 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
806 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
807 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
808 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
809 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
810 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
811 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
812 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
813
814 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
815 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
816 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
817
818 # Georgia
819 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
820 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
821 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
822 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
823 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
824 #
825 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
826 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
827 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
828 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
829 #
830 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
831 #
832 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
833 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
834 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
835 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
836 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
837 # of integration into Europe.
838
839 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
840 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
841 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
842 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
843 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
844 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
845 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
846 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
847 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
848
849 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
850 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
851 # Go with Byalokoz.
852
853 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
854 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
855 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
856 3:00 - TBIT 1957 Mar # Tbilisi Time
857 4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
858 3:00 1:00 TBIST 1991 Apr 9 # independence
859 3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 1992 # Georgia Time
860 3:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1994 Sep lastSun
861 4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1996 Oct lastSun
862 4:00 1:00 GEST 1997 Mar lastSun
863 4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 2004 Jun 27
864 3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
865 4:00 - GET
866
867 # East Timor
868
869 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
870
871 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
872 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
873 # <http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
874 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
875 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
876 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
877 # conflicts with their way of life.
878
879 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
880 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
881 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
882
883 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
884 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
885 # (2000-08-16):
886 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
887 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
888 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
889 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
890
891 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
892 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
893 8:00 - TLT 1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
894 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
895 9:00 - TLT 1976 May 3
896 8:00 - WITA 2000 Sep 17 0:00
897 9:00 - TLT
898
899 # India
900
901 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
902 # http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
903 # (2015-12-22):
904 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
905 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
906 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
907 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
908
909 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
910 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1880 # Kolkata
911 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
912 6:30 - BURT 1942 May 15 # Burma Time
913 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
914 5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 15
915 5:30 - IST
916 # The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
917 # Andaman Is
918 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
919 # Nicobar Is
920
921 # Indonesia
922 #
923 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
924 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
925 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
926 #
927 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
928 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
929 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
930 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
931 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
932 #
933 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
934 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
935 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
936 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
937 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
938 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
939 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
940 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
941 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
942 # from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
943 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
944 # switched on 1945-09-23.
945 #
946 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
947 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
948 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
949 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
950 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
951 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
952 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
953 # The abbreviations are:
954 #
955 # WIB - UTC+7 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
956 # WITA - UTC+8 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
957 # WIT - UTC+9 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
958 #
959 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
960 # Java, Sumatra
961 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
962 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
963 # but this must be a typo.
964 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
965 7:20 - JAVT 1932 Nov # Java Time
966 7:30 - WIB 1942 Mar 23
967 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
968 7:30 - WIB 1948 May
969 8:00 - WIB 1950 May
970 7:30 - WIB 1964
971 7:00 - WIB
972 # west and central Borneo
973 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
974 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
975 7:30 - WIB 1942 Jan 29
976 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
977 7:30 - WIB 1948 May
978 8:00 - WIB 1950 May
979 7:30 - WIB 1964
980 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
981 7:00 - WIB
982 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
983 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
984 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
985 8:00 - WITA 1942 Feb 9
986 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
987 8:00 - WITA
988 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
989 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
990 9:00 - WIT 1944 Sep 1
991 9:30 - ACST 1964
992 9:00 - WIT
993
994 # Iran
995
996 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
997 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
998 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
999 #
1000 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1001 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1002 #
1003 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1004 #
1005 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1006 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1007 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1008 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1009 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1010 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1011 #
1012 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1013 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1014 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1015 # Shahrivar.
1016 #
1017 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1018 #
1019 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1020 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1021 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1022 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1023 # I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
1024 # here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
1025 #
1026 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1027 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1028 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1029 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1030 # plan to change that law....
1031 #
1032 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1033 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1034 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1035 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1036 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1037 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1038 #
1039 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1040 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1041 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1042 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1043 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1044 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1045 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1046 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1047 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1048 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1049 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1050 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1051 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1052 #
1053 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1054 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1055 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1056 #
1057 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1058 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1059 # daylight saving time ...
1060 # http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1061 #
1062 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1063 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1064 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1065 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1066 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1067 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1068 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1069 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1070 #
1071 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1072 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1073 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 S
1074 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 S
1075 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 S
1076 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 D
1077 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1078 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1079 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1080 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1081 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1082 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1083 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1084 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1085 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1086 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1087 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1088 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1089 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1090 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1091 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1092 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1093 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1094 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1095 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1096 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1097 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1098 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1099 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1100 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1101 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1102 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1103 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1104 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1105 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1106 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1107 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1108 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1109 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1110 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1111 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1112 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1113 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1114 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1115 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1116 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1117 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1118 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1119 #
1120 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1121 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1122 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1123 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1124 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1125 Rule Iran 2036 max - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1126 Rule Iran 2036 max - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1127
1128 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1129 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1130 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1131 3:30 - IRST 1977 Nov
1132 4:00 Iran IR%sT 1979
1133 3:30 Iran IR%sT
1134
1135
1136 # Iraq
1137 #
1138 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1139 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1140 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1141 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1142 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1143 #
1144 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1145 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1146 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1147 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1148 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1149 #
1150 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1151
1152 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1153 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1154 # news sources (in Arabic):
1155 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1156 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1157 #
1158 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1159 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1160
1161 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1162 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1163 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
1164 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1165 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1166 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 S
1167 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 D
1168 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1169 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1170 #
1171 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 D
1172 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 S
1173 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1174 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1175 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1176 3:00 - AST 1982 May
1177 3:00 Iraq A%sT
1178
1179
1180 ###############################################################################
1181
1182 # Israel
1183
1184 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1185 #
1186 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1187 # different abbreviations in use:
1188 #
1189 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1190 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1191 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1192 #
1193 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1194 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1195 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1196 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1197 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1198 # settings in Israeli computers.
1199 #
1200 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1201 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1202 # family is from India).
1203
1204 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1205 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1206 Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1207 Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1208 Rule Zion 1943 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1209 Rule Zion 1944 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1210 Rule Zion 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1211 Rule Zion 1945 only - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1212 Rule Zion 1946 only - Apr 16 2:00 1:00 D
1213 Rule Zion 1946 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1214 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 23 0:00 2:00 DD
1215 Rule Zion 1948 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
1216 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1217 Rule Zion 1949 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1218 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1219 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1220 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1221 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1222 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1223 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1224 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1225 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1226 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1227 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1228 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1229 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1230 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1231 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1232 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1233 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1234 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1235 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1236 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1237 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1238 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1239 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1240 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1241 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1242 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1243 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1244
1245 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1246 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1247 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1248 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1249 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1250 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1251
1252 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1253 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1254 # and 2005-02-17):
1255
1256 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1257 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1258 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1259 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1260 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1261 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1262 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1263 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1264 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1265 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1266 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1267 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1268 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1269 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1270 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1271 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1272 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1273 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1274 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1275 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1276 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1277 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1278
1279 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1280 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
1281 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1282 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 25 0:00 1:00 D
1283 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 26 0:00 0 S
1284 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 24 0:00 1:00 D
1285 Rule Zion 1991 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 S
1286 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 D
1287 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1288 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1289 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1290
1291 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1292 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1293 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1294
1295 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1296 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1297 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1298 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1299 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1300
1301 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1302 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1303 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1304 #
1305 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1306 #
1307 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1308 #
1309 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1310 #
1311 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1312 #
1313 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1314
1315 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1316 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
1317 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
1318 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1319 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
1320 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1321 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1322 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1323 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
1324
1325 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1326 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1327 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1328 #
1329 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1330 #
1331 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1332 #
1333 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1334 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1335 #
1336 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1337
1338 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1339 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
1340 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
1341 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
1342 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
1343 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
1344 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
1345 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
1346 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
1347 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
1348 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
1349
1350 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1351 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1352 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1353 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1354 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1355 #
1356 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1357 #
1358 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1359
1360 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1361 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1362 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1363 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1364 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1365 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1366 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1367 #
1368 # Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1369 #
1370 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1371 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1372 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1373
1374 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1375 Rule Zion 2005 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1376 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
1377 Rule Zion 2006 2010 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1378 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
1379 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
1380 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
1381 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
1382 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
1383 Rule Zion 2011 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1384 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
1385 Rule Zion 2012 only - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1386 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
1387
1388 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1389 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1390 # Time Decree Law. The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1391 # in the Knesset. The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1392 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1393 #
1394 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1395 # in March. DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1396
1397 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1398 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
1399 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1400
1401 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1402 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
1403 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1404 2:00 Zion I%sT
1405
1406
1407
1408 ###############################################################################
1409
1410 # Japan
1411
1412 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1413
1414 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1415 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1416 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1417 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1418
1419 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1420 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1421 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1422 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1423 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1424 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1425 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1426 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1427 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1428 # wanted to keep it.)
1429
1430 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1431 # Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
1432 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1433 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1434 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 2:00 0 S
1435 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1436 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1437 # but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
1438 # their audience is astrologers) were US military bases. For now, assume
1439 # that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
1440 # would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
1441
1442 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1443 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1444 # Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
1445 # 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
1446 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1447 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1448 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1449 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1450
1451 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1452 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1453 # which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
1454 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1455 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1456 # time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E.... But "western standard
1457 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1458 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1459 # standard....
1460 #
1461 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1462 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1463
1464 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1465 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1466 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1467 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1468 #
1469 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1470 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1471 # Central Time (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1472 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1473
1474 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1475 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1476 9:00 - JST 1896 Jan 1
1477 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
1478 9:00 Japan J%sT
1479 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1480
1481 # Jordan
1482 #
1483 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1484 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1485 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1486 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1487 # all year round.
1488 #
1489 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1490 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1491 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1492 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1493 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1494 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1495 #
1496 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1497 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1498 #
1499 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1500 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1501 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1502 #
1503 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1504 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1505 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1506 #
1507
1508 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1509 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1510 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1511 #
1512 # Google's translation:
1513 #
1514 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1515 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1516 # > of the month of March of each year.
1517 #
1518 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1519
1520 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1521 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1522
1523 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1524 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1525 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1526 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1527 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1528
1529 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1530 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1531 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1532 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1533 # Official, in Arabic:
1534 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1535 # ... Our background/permalink about it
1536 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1537 # ...
1538 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1539 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1540 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1541
1542 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1543 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1544
1545 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1546 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
1547 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1548 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1549 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1550 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1551 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1552 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1553 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1554 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1555 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1556 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1557 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1558 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
1559 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
1560 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1561 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1562 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1563 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1564 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
1565 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
1566 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1567 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1568 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
1569 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1570 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
1571 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
1572 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1573 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1574 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
1575 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1576 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1577 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1578 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
1579 2:00 Jordan EE%sT
1580
1581
1582 # Kazakhstan
1583
1584 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1585 # Andrew Evtichov (1996-04-13) writes that Kazakhstan
1586 # stayed in sync with Moscow after 1990, and that Aqtobe (formerly Aktyubinsk)
1587 # and Aqtau (formerly Shevchenko) are the largest cities in their zones.
1588 # Guess that Aqtau and Aqtobe diverged in 1995, since that's the first time
1589 # IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
1590
1591 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1592 # German Iofis, ELSI, Almaty (2001-10-09) reports that Kazakhstan uses
1593 # RussiaAsia rules, instead of switching at 00:00 as the IATA has it.
1594 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger, who have them always using RussiaAsia rules.
1595 # Also go with the following claims of Shanks & Pottenger:
1596 #
1597 # - Kazakhstan did not observe DST in 1991.
1598 # - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
1599 # - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
1600
1601 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
1602 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
1603 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1604 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1605 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1606 #
1607 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1608 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1609 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1610 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
1611 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1612 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtobe, Atyrau,
1613 # Mangghystau, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
1614 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
1615 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
1616
1617 #
1618 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1619 #
1620 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
1621 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
1622 5:00 - ALMT 1930 Jun 21 # Alma-Ata Time
1623 6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT 1991
1624 6:00 - ALMT 1992
1625 6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT 2005 Mar 15
1626 6:00 - ALMT
1627 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.)
1628 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
1629 4:00 - KIZT 1930 Jun 21 # Kizilorda Time
1630 5:00 - KIZT 1981 Apr 1
1631 5:00 1:00 KIZST 1981 Oct 1
1632 6:00 - KIZT 1982 Apr 1
1633 5:00 RussiaAsia KIZ%sT 1991
1634 5:00 - KIZT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
1635 5:00 - QYZT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
1636 6:00 RussiaAsia QYZ%sT 2005 Mar 15
1637 6:00 - QYZT
1638 # Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk)
1639 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1640 4:00 - AKTT 1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
1641 5:00 - AKTT 1981 Apr 1
1642 5:00 1:00 AKTST 1981 Oct 1
1643 6:00 - AKTT 1982 Apr 1
1644 5:00 RussiaAsia AKT%sT 1991
1645 5:00 - AKTT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
1646 5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 2005 Mar 15 # Aqtobe Time
1647 5:00 - AQTT
1648 # Mangghystau
1649 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
1650 # so include time stamps before 1963.
1651 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
1652 4:00 - FORT 1930 Jun 21 # Fort Shevchenko T
1653 5:00 - FORT 1963
1654 5:00 - SHET 1981 Oct 1 # Shevchenko Time
1655 6:00 - SHET 1982 Apr 1
1656 5:00 RussiaAsia SHE%sT 1991
1657 5:00 - SHET 1991 Dec 16 # independence
1658 5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
1659 4:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT 2005 Mar 15
1660 5:00 - AQTT
1661 # West Kazakhstan
1662 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
1663 4:00 - URAT 1930 Jun 21 # Ural'sk time
1664 5:00 - URAT 1981 Apr 1
1665 5:00 1:00 URAST 1981 Oct 1
1666 6:00 - URAT 1982 Apr 1
1667 5:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00
1668 4:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT 1991
1669 4:00 - URAT 1991 Dec 16 # independence
1670 4:00 RussiaAsia ORA%sT 2005 Mar 15 # Oral Time
1671 5:00 - ORAT
1672
1673 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
1674 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
1675
1676 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
1677 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
1678 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
1679 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
1680 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
1681 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
1682 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
1683 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
1684
1685 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1686 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 S
1687 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1688 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 S
1689 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
1690 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1691 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
1692 5:00 - FRUT 1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
1693 6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1694 5:00 1:00 FRUST 1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
1695 5:00 Kyrgyz KG%sT 2005 Aug 12 # Kyrgyzstan Time
1696 6:00 - KGT
1697
1698 ###############################################################################
1699
1700 # Korea (North and South)
1701
1702 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
1703 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
1704 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
1705 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
1706 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
1707
1708 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
1709 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
1710 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
1711 # http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
1712 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
1713 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
1714 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
1715 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
1716 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
1717 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
1718
1719 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1720 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1721 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1722 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
1723 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sun>=8 0:00 0 S
1724 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1725 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
1726 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
1727 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 9 0:00 0 S
1728 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
1729 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
1730 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
1731 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sun>=18 0:00 0 S
1732 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1733 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
1734
1735 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-30):
1736 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
1737 #
1738 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (Edict No. 5)
1739 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
1740 # (Announcement No. 338)
1741 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
1742 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
1743 # 1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)
1744 #
1745 # The Wikipedia entry also has confusing information about a change
1746 # to UT+9 in April 1910, but then what would be the point of the later change
1747 # to UT+9 on 1912-01-01? Omit the 1910 change for now.
1748 #
1749 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
1750 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
1751 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
1752 #
1753 # For Pyongyang we have no information; guess no changes since World War II.
1754
1755 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
1756 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
1757 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
1758 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
1759 #
1760 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
1761 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
1762 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
1763 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
1764 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
1765 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
1766
1767 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1768 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
1769 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
1770 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
1771 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
1772 9:00 - KST 1954 Mar 21
1773 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
1774 9:00 ROK K%sT
1775 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
1776 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
1777 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
1778 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
1779 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
1780 8:30 - KST
1781
1782 ###############################################################################
1783
1784 # Kuwait
1785 # See Asia/Riyadh.
1786
1787 # Laos
1788 # See Asia/Bangkok.
1789
1790
1791 # Lebanon
1792 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1793 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
1794 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1795 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1796 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1797 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
1798 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1799 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
1800 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
1801 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1802 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1803 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
1804 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1805 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1806 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1807 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1808 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1809 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1810 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1811 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
1812 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1813 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1814 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1815 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1816 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1817 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1818 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
1819 2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
1820
1821 # Malaysia
1822 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1823 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 TS # one-Third Summer
1824 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
1825 #
1826 # peninsular Malaysia
1827 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
1828 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
1829 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1830 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
1831 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
1832 7:00 - MALT 1933 Jan 1 # Malaya Time
1833 7:00 0:20 MALST 1936 Jan 1
1834 7:20 - MALT 1941 Sep 1
1835 7:30 - MALT 1942 Feb 16
1836 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
1837 7:30 - MALT 1982 Jan 1
1838 8:00 - MYT # Malaysia Time
1839 # Sabah & Sarawak
1840 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
1841 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
1842 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
1843 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1844 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
1845 7:30 - BORT 1933 # Borneo Time
1846 8:00 NBorneo BOR%sT 1942 Feb 16
1847 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
1848 8:00 - BORT 1982 Jan 1
1849 8:00 - MYT
1850
1851 # Maldives
1852 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1853 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Male
1854 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Male Mean Time
1855 5:00 - MVT # Maldives Time
1856
1857 # Mongolia
1858
1859 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
1860 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
1861 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
1862
1863 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
1864 # General Information Mongolia
1865 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
1866 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
1867 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
1868 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
1869 # eight hours."
1870
1871 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
1872 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
1873 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
1874 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
1875 # of implementation may have been different....
1876 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
1877 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
1878 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
1879
1880 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
1881 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
1882 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
1883 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
1884 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
1885 # is good enough for our purposes.
1886
1887 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
1888 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
1889 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
1890 # there are three time zones.
1891 #
1892 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
1893 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
1894 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
1895 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
1896 #
1897 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
1898
1899 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
1900 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
1901 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
1902 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
1903 #
1904 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
1905 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
1906 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
1907
1908 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
1909 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
1910 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
1911 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
1912 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
1913 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
1914 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
1915 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
1916 # He also found
1917 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
1918 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
1919 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
1920 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
1921 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
1922 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
1923 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
1924 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
1925
1926 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
1927 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
1928 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
1929 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
1930
1931 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
1932 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
1933 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
1934 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
1935 # database on this, e.g.:
1936 #
1937 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
1938 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
1939 #
1940 # both say GMT+08:00.
1941
1942 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
1943 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
1944 # schedule here:
1945 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
1946 # (click the English flag for English)
1947 #
1948 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
1949 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
1950 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
1951 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
1952 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
1953 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
1954
1955 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
1956 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
1957 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
1958 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
1959 # this is almost surely wrong.
1960
1961 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
1962 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
1963 # daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
1964 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
1965 # September daylight saving time ends. Source:
1966 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
1967
1968 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1969 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1970 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1971 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
1972 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
1973 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
1974 #
1975 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
1976 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
1977 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
1978 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
1979 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
1980 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
1981
1982 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1983 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1984 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
1985 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
1986 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
1987 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
1988 Rule Mongol 2015 max - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
1989 Rule Mongol 2015 max - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
1990
1991 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1992 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
1993 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
1994 6:00 - HOVT 1978 # Hovd Time
1995 7:00 Mongol HOV%sT
1996 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
1997 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
1998 7:00 - ULAT 1978 # Ulaanbaatar Time
1999 8:00 Mongol ULA%sT
2000 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2001 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2002 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2003 7:00 - ULAT 1978
2004 8:00 - ULAT 1983 Apr
2005 9:00 Mongol CHO%sT 2008 Mar 31 # Choibalsan Time
2006 8:00 Mongol CHO%sT
2007
2008 # Nepal
2009 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2010 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2011 5:30 - IST 1986
2012 5:45 - NPT # Nepal Time
2013
2014 # Oman
2015 # See Asia/Dubai.
2016
2017 # Pakistan
2018
2019 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2020 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2021 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2022 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2023 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2024 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2025
2026 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2027 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2028 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2029 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2030 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2031 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2032 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2033 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2034 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2035 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2036 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2037
2038 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2039 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2040 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2041
2042 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2043 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2044 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2045 #
2046 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2047 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2048 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2049 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2050 #
2051 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2052 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2053
2054 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2055 #
2056 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2057 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2058 #
2059 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2060 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2061 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2062 #
2063 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2064 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2065
2066 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2067 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2068
2069 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2070 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2071 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2072 # instead of August 31.
2073 #
2074 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2075 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2076
2077 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2078 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2079 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2080 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2081 # official working."
2082 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2083 #
2084 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2085 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2086 #
2087 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2088 # April 08, 2009
2089 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2090 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2091 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2092 #
2093 # ....
2094 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2095 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2096 # conserve energy"
2097
2098 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2099 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2100 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2101 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2102 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2103 # this regard."
2104 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2105
2106 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2107 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2108 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2109 # October 1, 2009.
2110 #
2111 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2112 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2113 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2114 #
2115 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2116 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2117 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2118 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2119 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2120 # Monday."
2121 #
2122 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2123 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2124 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2125 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2126 #
2127 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2128 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2129 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2130
2131 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2132 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2133 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2134
2135 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2136 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2137 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2138 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2139 # >
2140 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2141 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2142 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2143 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2144 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2145 #
2146 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2147 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2148 #
2149 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2150 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2151
2152 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2153 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2154 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2155 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2156 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2157 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
2158
2159 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2160 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
2161 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
2162 5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 15
2163 5:30 - IST 1951 Sep 30
2164 5:00 - KART 1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
2165 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
2166
2167 # Palestine
2168
2169 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2170 #
2171 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2172 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2173 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2174 #
2175 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2176 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2177 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2178 # though.
2179 #
2180 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2181 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2182 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2183 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
2184 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2185 # East Jerusalem.
2186 #
2187 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2188 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
2189 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2190 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2191 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2192 #
2193 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2194 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
2195 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2196 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2197 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2198 # Jordanian one).
2199 #
2200 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2201 #
2202 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2203 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2204 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
2205 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
2206 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
2207 #
2208 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2209 # have one).
2210
2211 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2212 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2213 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2214 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2215 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2216 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2217 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2218 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2219 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2220 # to Palestine's rules.
2221
2222 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2223 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2224 #
2225 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2226 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2227 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2228 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2229
2230 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2231 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2232 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2233 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2234 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2235 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2236 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2237 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2238
2239 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2240 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2241
2242 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2243 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2244 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2245 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2246 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2247
2248 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2249 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2250 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2251 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
2252 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2253 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2254 # the West Bank.
2255
2256 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2257 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2258 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2259 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2260 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
2261 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2262 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2263 # because of the Ramadan.
2264
2265 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2266 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2267 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2268
2269 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2270 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2271 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2272 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
2273 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2274 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2275
2276 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2277 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2278 #
2279 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2280 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2281 #
2282 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2283 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2284 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2285
2286 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2287 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2288 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2289 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2290 #
2291 # (in Arabic)
2292 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2293 #
2294 # (English translation)
2295 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2296
2297 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2298 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2299 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2300 #
2301 # One news source:
2302 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2303 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2304 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2305 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2306 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2307 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2308 #
2309 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2310 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2311 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2312
2313 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2314 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2315 #
2316 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2317 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2318 #
2319 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2320 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2321 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2322 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2323
2324 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2325 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2326 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2327 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2328 #
2329 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2330 # (in Arabic)
2331 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2332
2333 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2334 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2335 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2336 # noon though:
2337 #
2338 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2339 # (Ma'an News Agency)
2340 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2341 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2342
2343 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2344 # According to several sources, including
2345 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2346 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2347 # Gaza and the West Bank.
2348 # Some more background info:
2349 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2350
2351 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2352 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2353 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2354 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2355 # Ramadan.
2356 #
2357 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2358 # Additional info:
2359 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2360
2361 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2362 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2363 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2364 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2365 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2366 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2367 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2368 # ...
2369 # http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
2370 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
2371 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
2372
2373 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
2374 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
2375 # 00:00).
2376 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
2377 #
2378 # Many sources, including:
2379 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
2380
2381 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2382 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
2383 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
2384 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
2385 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
2386 #
2387 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
2388 #
2389 # Our brief summary:
2390 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
2391
2392 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
2393 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
2394 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
2395 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
2396 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
2397 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
2398
2399 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
2400 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
2401 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
2402 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2403 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2404 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2405 # official source...:
2406 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2407
2408 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
2409 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
2410 # and http://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
2411 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
2412 #
2413 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
2414 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
2415 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
2416 # For future dates, guess the last Friday in March at 24:00 through
2417 # the first Friday on or after October 21 at 00:00. This is consistent with
2418 # the predictions in today's editions of the following URLs:
2419 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2420 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2421
2422 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2423 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2424 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2425 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2426 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
2427 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
2428 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
2429
2430 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
2431 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2432 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2433 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2434 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2435 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2436 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
2437 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2438 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2439 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
2440 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2441 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
2442 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
2443 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2444 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
2445 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2446 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2447 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
2448 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2449 Rule Palestine 2014 max - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2450 Rule Palestine 2015 max - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
2451
2452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2453 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
2454 2:00 Zion EET 1948 May 15
2455 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2456 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2457 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2458 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
2459 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
2460 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
2461 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
2462 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
2463 2:00 - EET 2012
2464 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2465
2466 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
2467 2:00 Zion EET 1948 May 15
2468 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2469 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2470 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2471 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2472
2473 # Paracel Is
2474 # no information
2475
2476 # Philippines
2477 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
2478 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2479 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2480 # History of the International Date Line
2481 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2482 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2483
2484 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2485 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2486 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2487 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2488 # but no details]
2489
2490 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2491 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2492 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
2493 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2494 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2495 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2496 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2497
2498 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2499 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 S
2500 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 -
2501 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 S
2502 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 -
2503 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 S
2504 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2505 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2506 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
2507 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
2508 8:00 Phil PH%sT 1942 May
2509 9:00 - JST 1944 Nov
2510 8:00 Phil PH%sT
2511
2512 # Qatar
2513 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2514 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
2515 4:00 - GST 1972 Jun
2516 3:00 - AST
2517 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
2518
2519 # Saudi Arabia
2520 #
2521 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
2522 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
2523 # standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
2524 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
2525 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
2526 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
2527 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
2528 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
2529 #
2530 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
2531 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
2532 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
2533 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
2534 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
2535 # earlier date.
2536 #
2537 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
2538 # time zones; the other zone, at UTC+4, was in the far eastern part of
2539 # the country. Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
2540 #
2541 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2542 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
2543 3:00 - AST
2544 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
2545 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
2546
2547 # Singapore
2548 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2549 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2550 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2551 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2552 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2553 7:00 - MALT 1933 Jan 1 # Malaya Time
2554 7:00 0:20 MALST 1936 Jan 1
2555 7:20 - MALT 1941 Sep 1
2556 7:30 - MALT 1942 Feb 16
2557 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 12
2558 7:30 - MALT 1965 Aug 9 # independence
2559 7:30 - SGT 1982 Jan 1 # Singapore Time
2560 8:00 - SGT
2561
2562 # Spratly Is
2563 # no information
2564
2565 # Sri Lanka
2566
2567 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
2568 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
2569 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
2570 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
2571 # Shanks and Pottenger.
2572
2573 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
2574 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
2575 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
2576 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
2577 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
2578 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
2579 #
2580 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
2581 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
2582 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
2583 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
2584 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
2585
2586 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
2587 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
2588 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
2589 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
2590
2591 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
2592 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
2593 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
2594 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
2595 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
2596 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
2597 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
2598 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
2599
2600 # From K Sethu (2006-04-25):
2601 # I think the abbreviation LKT originated from the world of computers at
2602 # the time of or subsequent to the time zone changes by SL Government
2603 # twice in 1996 and probably SL Government or its standardization
2604 # agencies never declared an abbreviation as a national standard.
2605 #
2606 # I recollect before the recent change the government announcements
2607 # mentioning it as simply changing Sri Lanka Standard Time or Sri Lanka
2608 # Time and no mention was made about the abbreviation.
2609 #
2610 # If we look at Sri Lanka Department of Government's "Official News
2611 # Website of Sri Lanka" ... http://www.news.lk/ we can see that they
2612 # use SLT as abbreviation in time stamp at the beginning of each news
2613 # item....
2614 #
2615 # Within Sri Lanka I think LKT is well known among computer users and
2616 # administrators. In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
2617 # nation's largest telcom / internet operator Sri Lanka Telcom is well
2618 # known by that abbreviation - simply as SLT (there IP domains are
2619 # slt.lk and sltnet.lk).
2620 #
2621 # But if indeed our government has adopted SLT as standard abbreviation
2622 # (that we have not known so far) then it is better that it be used for
2623 # all computers.
2624
2625 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
2626 # One possibility is that we wait for a bit for the dust to settle down
2627 # and then see what people actually say in practice.
2628
2629 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2630 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
2631 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
2632 5:30 - IST 1942 Jan 5
2633 5:30 0:30 IHST 1942 Sep
2634 5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 16 2:00
2635 5:30 - IST 1996 May 25 0:00
2636 6:30 - LKT 1996 Oct 26 0:30
2637 6:00 - LKT 2006 Apr 15 0:30
2638 5:30 - IST
2639
2640 # Syria
2641 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2642 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
2643 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
2644 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
2645 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2646 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
2647 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2648 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2649 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2650 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
2651 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2652 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
2653 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
2654 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
2655 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2656 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
2657 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
2658 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
2659 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
2660 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
2661 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2662 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2663 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
2664 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2665 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2666 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2667 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
2668 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2669 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
2670 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
2671 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
2672 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
2673 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
2674 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
2675 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
2676 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2677 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2678 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
2679 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2680 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
2681 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
2682 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
2683 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2684 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
2685 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
2686 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
2687 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2688 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
2689 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
2690 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
2691 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
2692 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
2693 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
2694 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
2695 #
2696 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
2697 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
2698 #
2699 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
2700 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
2701 #
2702 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
2703 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
2704 #
2705 # which using Google's translate tools says:
2706 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
2707 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
2708 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
2709 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2710
2711 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
2712 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
2713 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
2714 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
2715 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
2716 # Variation
2717 # Syrian Arab
2718 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
2719 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
2720 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
2721
2722 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
2723 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
2724 # Agency (SANA)...
2725 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
2726 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
2727 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
2728 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
2729 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
2730 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
2731
2732 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
2733 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
2734 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
2735 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
2736 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
2737
2738 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
2739 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
2740 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
2741 #
2742 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
2743 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
2744 # clocks back 60 minutes).
2745 #
2746 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
2747
2748 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
2749 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
2750 # two examples:
2751 #
2752 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
2753 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
2754 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
2755 # (Arabic, gov-site)
2756 #
2757 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
2758 #
2759 # Our summary
2760 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
2761
2762 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
2763 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
2764 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
2765 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
2766 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
2767
2768 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
2769 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
2770 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
2771 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
2772
2773 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
2774 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
2775 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
2776 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
2777 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
2778
2779 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2780 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
2781 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
2782 #
2783 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
2784 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
2785 #
2786 # Our brief summary:
2787 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
2788
2789 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
2790 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
2791
2792 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2793 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2794 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2795 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2796 Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2797 Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
2798
2799 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2800 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
2801 2:00 Syria EE%sT
2802
2803 # Tajikistan
2804 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
2805 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2806 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2807 5:00 - DUST 1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
2808 6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2809 5:00 1:00 DUSST 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
2810 5:00 - TJT # Tajikistan Time
2811
2812 # Thailand
2813 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2814 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
2815 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
2816 7:00 - ICT
2817 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
2818 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
2819
2820 # Turkmenistan
2821 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
2822 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2823 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
2824 4:00 - ASHT 1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
2825 5:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2826 4:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT 1991 Oct 27 # independence
2827 4:00 RussiaAsia TM%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
2828 5:00 - TMT
2829
2830 # United Arab Emirates
2831 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2832 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
2833 4:00 - GST
2834 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
2835
2836 # Uzbekistan
2837 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
2838 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2839 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
2840 4:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
2841 5:00 - SAMT 1981 Apr 1
2842 5:00 1:00 SAMST 1981 Oct 1
2843 6:00 - TAST 1982 Apr 1 # Tashkent Time
2844 5:00 RussiaAsia SAM%sT 1991 Sep 1 # independence
2845 5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT 1992
2846 5:00 - UZT
2847 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
2848 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
2849 5:00 - TAST 1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
2850 6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2851 5:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT 1991 Sep 1 # independence
2852 5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT 1992
2853 5:00 - UZT
2854
2855 # Vietnam
2856
2857 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
2858 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
2859 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
2860 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
2861 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
2862
2863 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
2864 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
2865 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
2866
2867 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
2868 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
2869 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
2870 # is quoted verbatim in:
2871 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
2872 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
2873 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
2874 # and is the basis for the information below.
2875 #
2876 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
2877 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104 deg. 17'17" east of Paris.
2878 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
2879 # the Paris Meridian (2 deg. 20'14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
2880 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
2881 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
2882 # is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
2883 #
2884 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
2885 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
2886 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
2887 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
2888 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
2889 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
2890 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
2891 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
2892 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
2893 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
2894 #
2895 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
2896 #
2897 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
2898 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
2899 #
2900 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
2901 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
2902 #
2903 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
2904 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
2905
2906 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2907 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
2908 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1
2909 7:00 - ICT 1942 Dec 31 23:00
2910 8:00 - IDT 1945 Mar 14 23:00
2911 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 2
2912 7:00 - ICT 1947 Apr 1
2913 8:00 - IDT 1955 Jul 1
2914 7:00 - ICT 1959 Dec 31 23:00
2915 8:00 - IDT 1975 Jun 13
2916 7:00 - ICT
2917
2918 # Yemen
2919 # See Asia/Riyadh.