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3 #
4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
26
27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
33 #
34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
38 #
39 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
40 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
42 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
47 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
48 #
49 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
50 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
51 #
52 # Other sources occasionally used include:
53 #
54 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
55 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
56 # which I found in the UCLA library.
57 #
58 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
59 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
60 # [PDF] (1914-03)
61 #
62 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
63 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
64 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
65 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
66 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
67 #
68 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
69 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
70 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
71 # The full Russian citation is:
72 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
73 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
74 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
75 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
76 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
77 #
78 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
79 # History of Summer Time
80 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
81 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
82
83 #
84 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
85 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
86 # Corrections are welcome!
87 # std dst 2dst
88 # LMT Local Mean Time
89 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
90 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
91 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
92 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
93 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
94 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
95 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
96 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
97 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
98 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
99 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
100 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
101 # 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*
102 # 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Minsk, Moscow
103
104 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
105 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
106 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
107 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
108 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
109 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
110 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
111 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
112 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
113 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
114 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
115 # ...
116 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
117 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
118 # ...
119 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
120 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
121 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
122 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
123 # in the Directive.
124
125
126 ###############################################################################
127
128 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
129
130 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
131 #
132 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
133 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
134 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
135 # of the text said:
136 #
137 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
138 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
139 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
140 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
141 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
142 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
143 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
144 #
145 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
146 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
147 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
148 #
149 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
150
151 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
152 #
153 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
154 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
155 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
156 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
157 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
158 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
159 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
160 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
161 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
162 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
163 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
164 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
165 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
166 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
167 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
168 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
169 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
170 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
171 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
172 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
173 #
174 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
175 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
176 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
177
178 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
179 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
180 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
181 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
182 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
183 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
184 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
185 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
186 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
187 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
188 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
189 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
190 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
191 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
192 #
193 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
194 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
195 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
196 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
197 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
198 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
199 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
200 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
201 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
202 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
203 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
204 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
205 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
206 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
207 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
208
209 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
210 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
211 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
212 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
213 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
214 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
215 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
216 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
217 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
218
219 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
220 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
221 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
222 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
223 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
224 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
225 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
226 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
227
228 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
229 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
230 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
231
232 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
233 # From: Jonathan Leffler
234 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
235 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
236 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
237
238 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
239 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
240 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
241 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
242 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
243
244 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
245 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
246 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
247 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
248
249 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
250 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
251 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
252 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
253 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
254 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
255 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
256 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
257
258 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
259 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
260 # which is to be introduced in May....
261 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
262 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
263
264 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
265 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
266 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
267 # so we use 'BDST'.
268
269 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
270 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
271 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
272 # and extending this list, which can be found in
273 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
274
275 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
276 #
277 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
278 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
279 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
280 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
281
282 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
283 #
284 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
285 #
286 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
287 # are incorrect:
288 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
289 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
290 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
291 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
292 # It actually just had one transition.
293 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
294 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
295 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
296 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
297 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
298 #
299 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
300 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
301 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
302 # conform with Great Britain.
303 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
304 #
305 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
306 # we'll ignore it for now.
307 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
308 #
309 #
310 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
311 # Shanks & Pottenger.
312 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
313 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
314 # to London. For example:
315 #
316 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
317 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
318
319 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
320 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
321 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
322 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
323 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
324 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
325 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
326
327 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
328 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
329 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
330 #
331 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
332 #
333 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
334 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
335 #
336 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
337 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
338 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
339 #
340 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
341 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
342 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
343 #
344 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
345 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
346 #
347 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
348 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
349 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
350 #
351 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
352 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
353 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
354 # being GMT+1.)
355
356 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
357 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
358 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
359 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
360 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
361 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
362 # and Frethun run in CT.
363 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
364 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
365 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
366 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
367 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
368 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
369
370 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
371 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
372 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
373 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
374 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
375 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
376 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
377
378 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
379 # Summer Time Act, 1916
380 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
382 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
383 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
385 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
386 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
388 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
389 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
391 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
392 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
394 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
395 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
396 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
398 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
399 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
400 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
401 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
402 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
403 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
404 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
407 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
408 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
409 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
413 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
419 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
420 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
421 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
422 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
423 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
424 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
425 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
426 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
427 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
428 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
429 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
430 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
432 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
433 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
434 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
435 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
436 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
437 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
438 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
439 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
440 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
441 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
442 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
443 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
444 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
445 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
446 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
447 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
448 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
449 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
451 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
452 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
453 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
454 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
455 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
456 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
457 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
458 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
459 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
460 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
461 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
462 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
463 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
464 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
465 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
466 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
467 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
468 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
469 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
470 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
471 # (no summer time)
472 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
473 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
474 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
475 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
476 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
477 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
478 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
479 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
480 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
481 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
482 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
483 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
484 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
485 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
486 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
487 #
488 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
489
490 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
491 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
492 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
493 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
494 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
495 0:00 EU GMT/BST
496 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
497 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
498 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
499
500 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
501 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
502 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
503 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
504 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
505 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
506 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
507 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
508 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
509 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
510 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
511 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
512 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
513 0:00 EU GMT/IST
514
515 ###############################################################################
516
517 # Europe
518
519 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
520 # Common Market, etc.
521
522 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
523 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
524 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
525 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
526 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
527 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
528 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
529 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
530 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
531 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
532 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
533
534 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
535 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
536 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
537 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
538 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
539 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
540 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
541
542 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
543 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
544 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
545 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
546 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
547 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
548 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
549 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
550 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
551 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
552 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
553 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
554 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
555 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
556 #
557 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
558 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
559 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
560 # tz database itself, as seen below:
561 #
562 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
563 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
564 #
565 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
566 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
567 #
568 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
569 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
570 #
571 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
572 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
573 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
574 #
575 # The rule line to be changed is:
576 #
577 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
578 #
579 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
580 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
581 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
582 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
583 # CET and MET:
584 #
585 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
586 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
587 #
588 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
589 #
590 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
591 #
592 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
593 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
594 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
595 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
596 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
597 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
598 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
599 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
600
601 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
602 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
603 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
604 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
605 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
606 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
607 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
608
609 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
610 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
611 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
612 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
613 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
614 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
615 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
616 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
617 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
618 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
619 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
620 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
621 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
622 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
623 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
624 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
625 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
626 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
627 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
628 #
629 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
630 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
631
632 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
633 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
634 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
635 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
636 #
637 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
638 # title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
639 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
640 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
641 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
642 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
643 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
644 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
645 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
646 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
647 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
648 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
649 # rules (Moscow time)
650 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
651
652 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
653 # Unamended version of the act of the
654 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
655 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
656 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
657 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
658 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
659
660 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
661 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
662 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
663 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
664 #
665 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
666 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
667 #
668 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
669 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
670
671 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
672 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
673 # to be standard.
674
675 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
676
677 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
678 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
679 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
680 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
681 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
682
683 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
684 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
685
686 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
687 # The official German names ... are
688 #
689 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
690 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
691 #
692 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
693 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
694 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
695 #
696 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
697 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
698 # Postfach 3345
699 # D-38023 Braunschweig
700 # phone: +49 531 592-0
701 #
702 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
703 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
704 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
705 #
706 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
707 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
708
709
710 # Albania
711 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
712 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
713 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
714 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
715 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
716 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
717 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
718 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
719 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
720 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
721 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
722 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
723 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
724 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
725 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
726 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
727 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
728 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
729 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
730 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
731 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
732 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
733 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
734 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
735 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
736 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
737 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
738 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
739 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
740 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
741 1:00 EU CE%sT
742
743 # Andorra
744 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
745 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
746 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
747 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
748 1:00 EU CE%sT
749
750 # Austria
751
752 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
753
754 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
755 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
756 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
757 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
758 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
759 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
760
761 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
762 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
763 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
764 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
765 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
766 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
767 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
768 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
769 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
770 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
771 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
772 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
773 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
774 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
775 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
776 1:00 - CET 1946
777 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
778 1:00 EU CE%sT
779
780 # Belarus
781 #
782 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
783 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
784 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
785 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
786 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
787 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
788 #
789 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
790 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
791 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
792 #
793 # Sources (Russian language):
794 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
795 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
796 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
797 #
798 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
799 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
800 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
801 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):
802 # Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.
803 #
804 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
805 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
806 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
807 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
808 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
809 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
810 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
811 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
812 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
813 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 1:00s
814 3:00 - MSK
815
816 # Belgium
817 #
818 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
819 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
820 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
821 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
822 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
823 # pp 8-9.
824 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
825 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
826 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
827 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
828 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
829 #
830 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
831 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
832 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
833 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
834 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
835 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
836 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
837 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
838 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
840 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
842 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
843 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
844 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
845 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
846 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
847 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
848 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
850 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
851 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
853 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
855 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
856 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
857 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
858 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
859 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
860 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
861 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
862 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
863 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
864 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
865 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
867 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
868 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
869 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
870 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
871 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
872 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
873 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
874 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
875 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
876 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
877 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
878 1:00 EU CE%sT
879
880 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
881 # See Europe/Belgrade.
882
883 # Bulgaria
884 #
885 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
886 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
887 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
888 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
889 #
890 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
891 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
892 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
893 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
894 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
895 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
896 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
897 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
898 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
899 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
900 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
901 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
902 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
903 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
904 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
905 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
906 2:00 EU EE%sT
907
908 # Croatia
909 # See Europe/Belgrade.
910
911 # Cyprus
912 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
913
914 # Czech Republic
915 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
916 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
917 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
918 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
919 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
920 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
921 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
922 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
923 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
924 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
925 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
926 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
927 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
928 1:00 EU CE%sT
929 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
930
931 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
932
933 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
934 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
935 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
936 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
937 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
938 #
939 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
940 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
941 #
942 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
943 # in subsequent decrees with the law
944 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
945 #
946 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
947 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
948 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
949 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
950 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
951 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
952 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
953 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
954 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
955 # was suspended on that night):
956 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
957
958 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
959 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
960 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
961
962 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
963 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
964 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
965
966 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
967 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
968 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
969 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
970 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
971 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
972 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
973 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
974 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
975 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
976 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
977 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
978 #
979 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
980 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
981 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
982 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
983 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
984 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
985 1:00 EU CE%sT
986 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
987 0:00 - WET 1981
988 0:00 EU WE%sT
989 #
990 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
991 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
992 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
993 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
994 #
995 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
996 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
997 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
998 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
999 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1000 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1001
1002 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1003 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1004 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1005 #
1006 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1007 # is according to the following time line:
1008 #
1009 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1010 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1011 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1012 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1013 #
1014 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1015 # introduced.
1016
1017 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1018 #
1019 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1020 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1021 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1022 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1023 #
1024 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1025 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1026 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1027 #
1028 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1029 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1030 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1031 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1032 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1033 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1034 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1035 #
1036 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1037 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1038 #
1039 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1040 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1041 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1042 #
1043 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1044 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1045 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1046 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1047 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1048
1049 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1050 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1051 # there at 2:00 AM.
1052
1053 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1054 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1055 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1056 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1057 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1058 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1059 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1060
1061 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1062 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1063 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1064 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1065 # It is their only National Park.
1066 #
1067 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1068 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1069 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1070 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1071 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1072 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1073 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1074 #
1075 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1076 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1077 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1078 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1079 0:00 - GMT
1080 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1081 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1082 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1083 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1084 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1085 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1086 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1087 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1088 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1089
1090 # Estonia
1091 #
1092 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1093 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1094 #
1095 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1096 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1097 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1098 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1099 #
1100 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1101 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1102 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1103 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1104 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1105 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1106 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1107 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1108 # summer time next spring."
1109
1110 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1111 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1112 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1113 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1114 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1115 #
1116 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1117 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1118 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1119
1120 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1121 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1122 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1123 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1124 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1125 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1126 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1127 # after that.
1128
1129 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1130 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1131 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1132 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1133
1134 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1135 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1136 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1137 #
1138 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1139 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1140
1141 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1142 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1143 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1144 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1145 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1146 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1147 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1148 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1149 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1150 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1151 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1152 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1153 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1154 2:00 EU EE%sT
1155
1156 # Finland
1157
1158 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1159 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1160 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1161
1162 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1163 #
1164 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1165 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1166 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1167 # according to the central European standards.
1168 #
1169 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1170 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1171 # Finnish) at
1172 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1173 #
1174 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1175 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1176 #
1177 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1178 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1179 #
1180 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1181 # exist tonight."
1182
1183 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1184 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1185 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1186 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1187 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1188 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1189 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1190 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1191 #
1192 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1193 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1194
1195 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1196 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1197 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1198 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1199 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1200
1201 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1202 # round to nearest.
1203
1204 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1205 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1206 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1207 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1208 2:00 EU EE%sT
1209
1210 # Åland Is
1211 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1212
1213
1214 # France
1215
1216 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1217 #
1218 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1219 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1220 #
1221 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1222 # Paris, 1991
1223 #
1224 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1225 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1226
1227
1228 #
1229 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1230 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1231 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1232 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1233 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1234 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1235 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1237 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1238 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1239 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1240 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1241 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1242 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1243 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1244 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1245 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1246 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1247 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1248 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1249 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1250 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1251 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1252 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1253 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1254 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1255 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1256 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1257 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1258 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1259 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1260 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1261 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1262 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1263 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1264 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1265 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1266 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1267 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1268 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1269 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1270 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1271 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1272 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1273 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1274 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1275 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1276 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1277 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1278 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1279 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1280 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1281 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1282 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1283 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1284 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1285 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1286 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1287 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1288 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1289 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1290 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1291 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1292 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1293 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1294 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1295 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1296 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1297 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1298 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1299 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1300 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1301 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1302 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1303 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1304 1:00 EU CE%sT
1305
1306 # Germany
1307
1308 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1309 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1310 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1311 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1312
1313 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1314 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1315 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1316 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1317
1318 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1319 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1320 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1321 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1322 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1323
1324
1325 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1326 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1327 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1328 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1329 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1330 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1331 # Go with the PTB.
1332 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1333 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1334 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1335 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1336 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1337
1338 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1339 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1340 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1341
1342 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1343 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1344 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1345 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1346 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1347 1:00 EU CE%sT
1348
1349 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1350 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1351 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1352 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1353 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1354 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1355 #
1356 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1357 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1358
1359 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1360 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1361
1362 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1363
1364 # Georgia
1365 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1366 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1367 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1368
1369 # Gibraltar
1370 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1371 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1372 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1373 1:00 - CET 1982
1374 1:00 EU CE%sT
1375
1376 # Greece
1377 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1378 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1379 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1380 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1381 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1382 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1383 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1384 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1385 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1386 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1387 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1388 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1389 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1390 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1391 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1392 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1393 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1394 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1395 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1396 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1397 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1398 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1399 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1400 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1401 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1402 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1403 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1404 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1405 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1406 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1407 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1408 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1409 2:00 EU EE%sT
1410
1411 # Hungary
1412 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1413 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1414 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1415 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1416 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1417 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1418 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1419 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1420 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1421 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1422 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1423 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1424 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1425 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1426 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1427 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1428 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1429 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1430 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1431 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1432 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1433 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1434 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1435 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1436 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1437 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1438 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1439 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1440 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1441 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1442 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1443 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1444 1:00 EU CE%sT
1445
1446 # Iceland
1447 #
1448 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1449 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1450 #
1451 # (1993-12-05):
1452 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1453 # Iceland Almanak.
1454 #
1455 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1456 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1457 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1458 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1459 #
1460 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1461 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1462 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1463 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1464 #
1465 # (1993-12-10):
1466 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1467 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1468 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1469 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1470 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1471 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1472 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1473 # might mean something else (???).
1474 #
1475 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1476 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1477 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1478 #
1479 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1480 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1481 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1482 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1483 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1484 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1485 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1486 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1487 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1488 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1489 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1490 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1491 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1492 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1493 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1494 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1495 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1496 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1497 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1498 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1499 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1500 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1501 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1502 0:00 - GMT
1503
1504 # Italy
1505 #
1506 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1507 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1508 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1509 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1510 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1511 # so record only the time in Rome.
1512 #
1513 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1514 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1515 # F. Pollastri
1516 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1517 # http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1518 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1519 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1520 #
1521 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1522 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1523 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1524 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1525 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1526 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1527 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1528 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1529 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1530 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1531 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1532 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1533 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1534 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1535 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1536 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1537 #
1538 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1539 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1540 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1541 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1542 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1543 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1544 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1545 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1546 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1547 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1548 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1549 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1550 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1551 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1552 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1553 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1554 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1555 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1556 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1557 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1558 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1559 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1560 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1561 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1562 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1563 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1564 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1565 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1566 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1567 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1568 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1569 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1570 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1571 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1572 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1573 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1574 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1575 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1576 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1577 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1578 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1579 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1580 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1581 1:00 EU CE%sT
1582
1583 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1584 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1585
1586 # Latvia
1587
1588 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1589
1590 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1591 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1592 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1593 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1594 #
1595 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1596 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1597 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1598 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1599 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1600 #
1601 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1602 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1603 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1604 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1605 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1606 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1607 #
1608 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1609 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1610 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1611 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1612 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1613 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1614 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1615 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1616 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1617 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1618 #
1619 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1620 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1621 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1622
1623 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1624 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1625 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1626 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1627 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1628
1629 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1630 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1631 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1632 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1633 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1634 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1635 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1636 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1637 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1638 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1639 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1640 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1641 # appears that they will not do so....
1642
1643 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1644 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1645 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1646
1647 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1648 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1649 # Go with Byalokoz.
1650
1651 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1652 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1653 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1654 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1655 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1656 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1657 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1658 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1659 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1660 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1661 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1662 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1663 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1664 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1665 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1666 2:00 EU EE%sT
1667
1668 # Liechtenstein
1669
1670 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1671 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1672
1673 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1674 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1675 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1676 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1677 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1678 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1679 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1680 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1681 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1682
1683 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1684
1685
1686 # Lithuania
1687
1688 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1689 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1690
1691 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1692 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1693 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1694
1695 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1696 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1697 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1698
1699 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1700 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1701 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1702 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1703 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1704 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1705 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1706 # already done by Estonia.
1707
1708 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1709 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1710 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1711
1712 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1713 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1714 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1715 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1716 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1717 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1718 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1719
1720
1721 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1722 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1723 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1724 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1725 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1726 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1727 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1728 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1729 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1730 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1731 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1732 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1733 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1734 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1735 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1736 2:00 EU EE%sT
1737
1738 # Luxembourg
1739 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1740 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1741 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1742 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1743 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1744 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1745 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1746 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1747 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1748 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1749 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1750 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1751 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1752 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1753 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1754 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1755 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1756 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1757 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1758 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1759 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1760 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1761 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1762 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1763 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1764 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1765 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1766 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1767 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1768 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1769 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1770 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1771 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1772 1:00 EU CE%sT
1773
1774 # Macedonia
1775 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1776
1777 # Malta
1778 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1779 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1780 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1781 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1782 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1783 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1784 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1785 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1786 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1787 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1788 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1789 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1790 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1791 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1792 1:00 EU CE%sT
1793
1794 # Moldova
1795
1796 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1797 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1798 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1799 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1800 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1801 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1802 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1803 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1804 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1805
1806 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1807 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1808 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1809 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1810 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1811 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1812 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1813 # But [two people] separately reported via
1814 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1815 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1816 #
1817 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1818 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1819 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1820 # to the Winter Time).
1821 #
1822 # News (in Russian):
1823 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1824 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1825 #
1826 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1827 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1828 #
1829 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1830 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1831 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1832 #
1833 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1834 #
1835 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1836 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1837 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1838 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1839 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1840 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1841 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1842 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1843
1844 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1845 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1846 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1847 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1848 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1849 # http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1850 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1851 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1852
1853 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1854 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1855 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1856
1857 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1858 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1859 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1860 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1861 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1862 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1863 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1864 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1865 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1866 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1867 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1868 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1869
1870 # Monaco
1871 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1872 # more precise 0:09:21.
1873 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1874 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1875 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1876 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1877 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1878 1:00 EU CE%sT
1879
1880 # Montenegro
1881 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1882
1883 # Netherlands
1884
1885 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1886 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1887
1888 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1889 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1890 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1891 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1892 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1893 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1894 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1895 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1896 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1897 #
1898 # (2001-04-08):
1899 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1900 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1901 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1902 #
1903 # (2001-04-09):
1904 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1905 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1906 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1907 # actually followed.
1908 #
1909 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1910 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1911 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1912 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1913 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1914 #
1915 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1916 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1917 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1918 # Amsterdam mean time.
1919
1920 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1921 # http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1922
1923 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1924 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1925 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1926 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1927 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1928 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1929 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1930 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1931 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1932 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1933 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1934 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1935 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1936 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1937 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1938 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1939 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1940 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1941 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1942 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1943 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1944 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1945 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1946 #
1947 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1948 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1949 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1950 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1951 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1952 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1953 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1954 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1955 1:00 EU CE%sT
1956
1957 # Norway
1958 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1959 # Pottenger.
1960 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1961 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1962 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1963 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1964 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1965 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1966 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1967 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1968 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1969 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1970 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1971 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1972 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1973 1:00 EU CE%sT
1974
1975 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1976
1977 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1978 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1979 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1980 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1981 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1982 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1983 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1984 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1985 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1986 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1987 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1988 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1989 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1990 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1991 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1992 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1993 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1994 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1995
1996 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1997 #
1998 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1999 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2000 # keeping Berlin time.
2001 #
2002 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2003 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2004 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2005 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2006 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2007 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2008 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2009 #
2010 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2011 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2012 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2013 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2014 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2015 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2016 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2017 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2018 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2019 #
2020 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2021 # for these regions.
2022 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2023
2024 # Poland
2025
2026 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2027 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2028
2029 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2030 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2031 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2032 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2033 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2034 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2035 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2036 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2037 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2038 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2039 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2040 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2041 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2042 # He also gives these further references:
2043 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2044 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2045 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2046 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2047 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2048 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2049 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2050 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2051 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2052 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2053 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2054 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2055 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2056 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2057 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2058 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2059 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2060 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2061 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2062 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2063 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2064 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2065 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2066 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2067 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2068 1:00 EU CE%sT
2069
2070 # Portugal
2071 #
2072 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2073 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2074 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2075 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2076 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2077 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2078 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2079 #
2080 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2081 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2082 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2083 #
2084 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2085 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2086 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2087 #
2088 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2089 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2090 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2091 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2092 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2093 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2094 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2095 #
2096 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2097 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2098 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2099 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2100 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2101 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2102 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2103 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2104 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2105 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2106 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2107 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2108 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2109 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2110 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2111 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2112 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2113 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2114 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2115 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2116 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2117 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2118 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2119 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2120 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2121 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2122 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2123 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2124 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2125 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2126 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2127 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2128 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2129 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2130 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2131 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2132 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2133 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2134 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2135 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2136 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2137 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2138 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2139 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2140 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2141 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2142 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2143 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2144 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2145 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2146 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2147 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2148 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2149 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2150 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2151 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2152 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2153 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2154 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2155 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2156 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2157 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2158 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2159 #
2160 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2161 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2162 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2163 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2164 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2165 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2166 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2167 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2168 0:00 EU WE%sT
2169 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2170 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2171 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2172 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2173 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2174 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2175 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2176 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2177 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2178 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2179 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2180 0:00 EU WE%sT
2181
2182 # Romania
2183 #
2184 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2185 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2186 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2187 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2188 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2189 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2190 #
2191 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2192 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2193 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2194 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2195 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2196 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2197 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2198 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2199 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2200 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2201 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2202 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2203 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2204 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2205 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2206 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2207 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2208 2:00 EU EE%sT
2209
2210
2211 # Russia
2212
2213 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2214 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2215 # (Government document
2216 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2217 # in Russian)
2218 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2219 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2220 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2221 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2222
2223 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2224 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2225 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2226 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2227
2228 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2229 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2230 # changed in September 2011:
2231 #
2232 # One source is
2233 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2234 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2235 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2236 #
2237 # Another source is
2238 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2239 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2240 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2241 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2242 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2243 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2244 #
2245 # Another source is
2246 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2247 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2248 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2249 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2250 #
2251 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2252 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2253 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2254 #
2255 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2256 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2257 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2258 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2259 # Conradi notes).
2260 #
2261 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2262 #
2263 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2264
2265 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2266 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2267 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2268 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2269 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2270 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2271 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2272 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2273 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2274 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2275 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2276 #
2277 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2278 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2279 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2280 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2281 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2282 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2283 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2284
2285 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2286 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2287 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2288 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2289 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2290 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2291 #
2292 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2293 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2294 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2295 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2296 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2297 #
2298 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2299 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2300 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2301 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2302 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2303 #
2304 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2305 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2306 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2307 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2308 #
2309 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2310 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2311 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2312 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2313 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2314 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2315 #
2316 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2317 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2318 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2319 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2320 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2321 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2322 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2323 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2324
2325 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2326 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2327 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2328 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2329 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2330 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2331 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2332 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2333 # divisions where available.
2334
2335 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2336
2337
2338 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2339 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2340 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2341
2342 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2343 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2344
2345 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2346 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2347 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2348 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2349 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2350 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2351 # ...
2352 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2353 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2354 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2355 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2356
2357 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2358 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2359 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2360 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2361 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2362 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2363 2:00 - EET
2364
2365
2366 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2367 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2368 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2369 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2370 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2371 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2372 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2373 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2374 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2375 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2376 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2377 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2378 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2379 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2380 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2381 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2382 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2383 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2384 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2385 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2386 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2387 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2388 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2389 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2390 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2391 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2392 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2393 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2394 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2395 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2396 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2397 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2398 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2399 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2400 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2401 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2402 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2403 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2404 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2405 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2406 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2407 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2408 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2409 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2410 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2411 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2412 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2413 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2414
2415 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2416 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2417 # Wikipedia refers to
2418 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2419 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2420 #
2421 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2422 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2423 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2424 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2425 # time belt changes map).
2426 #
2427 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2428 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2429 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2430 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2431 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2432 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2433 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2434 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2435 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2436 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2437 # is also provided.
2438 #
2439 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2440 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2441 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2442 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2443 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2444 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2445 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2446 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2447 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2448 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2449 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2450 # time.
2451 #
2452 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2453 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2454 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2455 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2456 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okurg. Probably erroneously.
2457 #
2458 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2459 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2460 #
2461 # 12. Udmurtia
2462 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2463 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2464 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2465 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2466 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2467 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2468 #
2469 # ...
2470 #
2471 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2472 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2473 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2474 #
2475 # There were some exceptions, though.
2476 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2477 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2478 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2479 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2480 #
2481 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2482 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2483 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2484 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2485 # http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2486 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2487 # 2 days before the switch.
2488 #
2489 #
2490 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2491 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2492 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2493 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2494 # time in Moscow.
2495
2496 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2497 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2498 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2499 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2500 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2501 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2502 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2503 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2504 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2505 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2506 # 2:31:19 ...
2507 #
2508 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2509 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2510 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2511 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2512 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2513
2514 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2515 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2516 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2517 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2518 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2519 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2520 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2521 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2522 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2523 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2524 3:00 - MSK
2525
2526
2527 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2528 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2529 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2530 # ** **** Sevastopol
2531
2532 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2533 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2534 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2535 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2536 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2537 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2538 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2539 2:00 - EET 1992
2540 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2541 #
2542 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2543 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2544 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2545 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2546 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2547 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2548 # changed in May.
2549 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2550 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2551 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2552 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2553 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2554 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2555 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2556 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2557 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2558 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2559 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2560 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2561 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2562 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2563 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2564 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2565 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2566 3:00 - MSK
2567
2568
2569 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2570 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2571 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2572 #
2573 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2574
2575 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2576 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2577 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2578 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2579 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2580 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2581
2582 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2583 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2584 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2585 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2586 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2587 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2588 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2589 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2590 4:00 - +04
2591
2592 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2593 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2594 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2595 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2596 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2597
2598 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2599 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2600 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2601 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2602 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1988 Mar 27 2:00s # Volgograd T
2603 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2604 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2605 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2606 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2607 3:00 - MSK
2608
2609 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2610 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2611 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2612 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2613 #
2614 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2615 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2616 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2617 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2618 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2619 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2620 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2621 3:00 - +03
2622
2623 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2624 # Europe/Samara covers...
2625 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2626 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2627
2628 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2629 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2630 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2631
2632 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2633 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 # Samara Time
2634 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2635 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2636 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2637 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2638 3:00 - SAMT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2639 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2640 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2641 4:00 - SAMT
2642
2643 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2644 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2645 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2646
2647 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2648
2649 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2650 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2651 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2652 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2653 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2654 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2655
2656 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2657 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2658 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2659 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2660 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2661 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2662 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2663 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2664 4:00 - +04
2665
2666 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2667 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2668 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2669 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2670 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2671 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2672 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2673 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2674 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2675 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2676 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2677 #
2678 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2679 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2680
2681 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2682 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2683 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2684 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2685
2686 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2687 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2688 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2689 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2690 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2691 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2692 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2693 5:00 - YEKT
2694
2695
2696 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2697 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2698 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2699
2700 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2701
2702 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2703 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2704 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2705 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2706 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2707 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2708 6:00 - OMST
2709
2710 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2711 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2712 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2713 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2714
2715 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2716
2717 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2718 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2719 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2720 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2721 # 1995-05-28.
2722 #
2723 # http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2724 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2725 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2726 # after 1957: UTC+7
2727 # since 1995: UTC+6
2728 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2729 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2730
2731 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2732 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2733 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2734 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2735 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2736 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2737 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2738 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2739
2740 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2741 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2742 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2743 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2744 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2745 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2746 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2747 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2748 7:00 - +07
2749
2750 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2751 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2752 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2753
2754 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2755 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2756 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2757 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2758 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2759 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2760
2761 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2762 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2763 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2764 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2765 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2766 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2767 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2768 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2769 7:00 - +07
2770
2771 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2772 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2773 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2774
2775 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2776 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2777
2778 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2779 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2780
2781 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2782 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2783 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2784 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2785 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2786 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2787 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2788 # with time zones in 2011 with different numberings (there was a
2789 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2790
2791 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2792 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2793 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2794 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2795 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2796 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2797 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2798 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2799 # recent changes).
2800 #
2801 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2802 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2803 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2804 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2805 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2806 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2807 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2808 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2809
2810 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2811 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2812
2813 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2814 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2815 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2816 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2817 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2818 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2819 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2820 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2821 7:00 - +07
2822
2823
2824 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2825 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2826 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2827
2828 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2829 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2830 # March 28, 2010:
2831 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2832 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2833 #
2834 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2835 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2836 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2837 #
2838 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2839 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2840 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2841 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2842 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2843 #
2844 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2845 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2846
2847 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2848 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2849 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2850
2851 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2852 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2853 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2854 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2855 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2856 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2857 7:00 - +07
2858
2859 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2860 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2861 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2862 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2863 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2864 #
2865 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2866 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2867
2868 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2869
2870 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2871 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2872 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2873 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2874 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2875 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2876 7:00 - KRAT
2877
2878
2879 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2880 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2881 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2882 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2883 #
2884 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2885 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2886
2887 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2888 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2889 # Go with Byalokoz.
2890
2891 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2892 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2893 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2894 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2895 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2896 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2897 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2898 8:00 - IRKT
2899
2900
2901 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2902 # Asia/Chita covers...
2903 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2904 #
2905 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2906 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2907
2908 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2909 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2910 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
2911 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2912 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2913
2914 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2915 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2916 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2917 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2918 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2919 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2920 8:00 - IRKT 2016 Mar 27 2:00
2921 9:00 - YAKT
2922
2923
2924 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2925 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2926 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2927 #
2928 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2929 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2930 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2931 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2932 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2933 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2934 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2935 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2936 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2937 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2938 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2939 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2940 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2941 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2942 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2943 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2944 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2945 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2946 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2947 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2948 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2949 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2950 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2951 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2952
2953 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2954 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2955 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2956 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2957
2958 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2959
2960 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2961 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2962 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2963 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2964 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2965 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2966 9:00 - YAKT
2967
2968
2969 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2970 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2971 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2972 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2973 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2974 #
2975 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2976 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2977 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2978
2979 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2980 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2981 # Go with Byalokoz.
2982
2983 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2984 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2985 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2986 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2987 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2988 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2989 10:00 - VLAT
2990
2991
2992 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2993 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2994 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2995 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2996
2997 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2998 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2999 # in 2011.
3000
3001 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3002 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3003 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3004 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3005
3006 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3007 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
3008 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3009 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3010 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
3011 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3012 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3013 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3014 9:00 - YAKT
3015
3016
3017 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3018 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3019 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3020 # ...with the exception of:
3021 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3022
3023 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3024 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3025 # (2016-03-09):
3026 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3027
3028 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3029 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3030 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
3031 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
3032 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3033 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3034 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3035 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3036 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3037 10:00 - SAKT 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3038 11:00 - SAKT
3039
3040
3041 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3042 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3043 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3044
3045 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3046 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3047 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3048 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3049 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3050 # need their own zone.
3051
3052 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3053 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3054 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3055 #
3056 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3057 # ... signed by the President today ...
3058 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3059
3060 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3061 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3062 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3063 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3064 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3065 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3066 10:00 - MAGT 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3067 11:00 - MAGT
3068
3069
3070 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3071 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3072 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3073 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3074 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3075 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3076 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3077 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3078 #
3079 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3080 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3081
3082 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3083 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3084 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3085 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3086 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3087 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3088
3089 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3090 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3091 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3092 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3093 #
3094 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3095 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3096 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3097 # each! (Yikes!)
3098 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3099 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3100 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3101 #
3102 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3103 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3104 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3105 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3106 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3107 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3108 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3109 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3110 #
3111 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
3112 # as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
3113
3114 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3115 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3116 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3117 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3118 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3119 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3120 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
3121
3122
3123 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3124 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3125 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3126
3127 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3128 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3129 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3130 #
3131 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3132 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3133 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3134 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3135 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3136
3137 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3138 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
3139 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
3140 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3141 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3142 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3143 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3144 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3145 10:00 - VLAT
3146
3147
3148 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3149 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3150 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3151 #
3152 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3153 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3154
3155 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3156 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3157 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3158 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
3159 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3160 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3161 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3162 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3163 12:00 - PETT
3164
3165
3166 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3167 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3168 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3169
3170 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3171 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
3172 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3173 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3174 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3175 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3176 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3177 12:00 - ANAT
3178
3179
3180 # San Marino
3181 # See Europe/Rome.
3182
3183 # Serbia
3184 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3185 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3186 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3187 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3188 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3189 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3190 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3191 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3192 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3193 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3194 1:00 EU CE%sT
3195 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3196 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3197 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3198 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3199 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3200
3201 # Slovakia
3202 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3203
3204 # Slovenia
3205 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3206
3207 # Spain
3208 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3209 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
3210 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3211 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3212 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
3213 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3214 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3215 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3216 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3217 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3218 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
3219 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
3220 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3221 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3222 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
3223 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
3224 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
3225 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
3226 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3227 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3228 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3229 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3230 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3231 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3232 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3233 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
3234 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
3235 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
3236 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
3237 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
3238 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
3239 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3240 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3241 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
3242 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3243 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3244 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3245 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3246 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3247 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3248 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3249 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3250 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3251 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3252 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3253 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3254 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3255 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3256 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3257 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3258 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3259 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
3260 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
3261 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3262 1:00 EU CE%sT
3263 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
3264 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3265 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3266 0:00 - WET 1924
3267 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3268 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3269 1:00 - CET 1986
3270 1:00 EU CE%sT
3271 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3272 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
3273 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3274 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3275 0:00 EU WE%sT
3276 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3277 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3278
3279 # Sweden
3280
3281 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3282 #
3283 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3284 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3285 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3286 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3287 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3288 #
3289 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3290 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3291 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3292 #
3293 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3294 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3295 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3296 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3297 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3298 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3299 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3300 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3301 #
3302 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3303 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3304 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3305 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3306 #
3307 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3308 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3309 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3310 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3311 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3312 # the Sök-button).
3313 #
3314 # (2001-05-13):
3315 #
3316 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3317 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3318 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3319 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3320 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3321 # hour before the event took place.
3322 #
3323 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3324
3325 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3326 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3327 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3328 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3329 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3330 1:00 - CET 1980
3331 1:00 EU CE%sT
3332
3333 # Switzerland
3334 # From Howse:
3335 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3336 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3337 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3338 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3339 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3340 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3341 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3342 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3343 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3344 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3345
3346 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3347 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3348 #
3349 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3350 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3351 #
3352 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3353 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3354 # federal law collection)...
3355 #
3356 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3357 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3358 #
3359 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3360 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3361 #
3362 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3363 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3364 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3365 # other years are made.
3366 #
3367 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3368 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3369 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3370 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3371 #
3372 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3373 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3374 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3375 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3376 #
3377 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3378 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3379 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3380 #
3381 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3382 #
3383 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3384 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3385 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3386 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3387 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3388 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3389 #
3390 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3391 # The Federal regulations say
3392 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3393 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3394 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3395
3396 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3397 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3398 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3399 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3400 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3401 # hour before the beginning of service.
3402
3403 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3404 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3405 #
3406 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3407 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3408 #
3409 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3410 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3411 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3412 #
3413 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3414 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3415 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3416 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3417 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3418 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3419 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3420 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3421 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3422 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3423 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3424
3425 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3426 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3427 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3428 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3429 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3430 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3431 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3432 1:00 EU CE%sT
3433
3434 # Turkey
3435
3436 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3437 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3438 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3439 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3440 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3441 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3442 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
3443 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3444 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3445 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3446 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3447 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3448 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3449 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3450 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3451 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3452
3453 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3454 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3455 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3456 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3457 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3458 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3459 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3460 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3461 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3462
3463 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3464 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3465 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3466 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3467 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3468 # Turkish:
3469 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3470
3471 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3472 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3473 # Turkish Local election....
3474 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3475 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3476 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3477 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3478 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3479 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3480 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3481 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3482 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3483 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3484 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3485 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3486
3487 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3488 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3489 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3490 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3491 #
3492 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3493 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3494 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3495 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3496 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3497
3498 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3499 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3500 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3501 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3502 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3503 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3504 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3505 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3506 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3507 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3508 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3509 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3510 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3511 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3512 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3513 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3514 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3515 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3516 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3517 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3518 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3519 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3520 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3521 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3522 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3523 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3524 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3525 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3526 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3527 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3528 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3529 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3530 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3531 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3532 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3533 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3534 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3535 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3536 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3537 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3538 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3539 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3540 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3541 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3542 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3543 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3544 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3545 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3546 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3547 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3548 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3549 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3550 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3551 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3552 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
3553 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
3554 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3555 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3556 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3557 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3558 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3559 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3560 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3561 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
3562 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3563 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3564 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3565 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3566 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3567 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3568 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3569 2:00 EU EE%sT
3570 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3571
3572 # Ukraine
3573 #
3574 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3575 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3576 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3577 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3578 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3579 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3580 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3581
3582 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3583 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3584 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3585 #
3586 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3587 # approval from 266 deputies.
3588 #
3589 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3590 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3591 #
3592 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3593 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3594 #
3595 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3596 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3597 #
3598 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3599 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3600 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3601 # time this year after all.
3602 #
3603 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3604 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3605 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3606 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3607 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3608 #
3609 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3610 # The law documents themselves are at
3611 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3612
3613 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3614 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3615 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3616 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3617 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3618 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3619 #
3620 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3621 # "summer time" was still in action):
3622 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3623 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3624 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3625 #
3626 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3627 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3628 #
3629 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3630 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3631 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3632 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3633 # This is an answer.
3634 #
3635 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3636 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3637 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3638 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3639 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3640
3641 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3642 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3643 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3644 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3645 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3646 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3647 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3648 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3649 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3650 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3651 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3652 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3653 2:00 EU EE%sT
3654 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3655 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3656 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3657 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3658 1:00 - CET 1940
3659 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3660 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3661 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3662 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3663 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3664 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3665 2:00 - EET 1992
3666 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3667 2:00 EU EE%sT
3668 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3669 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3670 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3671 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3672 # portable Posix file names.
3673 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3674 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3675 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3676 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3677 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3678 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3679 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3680 2:00 EU EE%sT
3681
3682 # Vatican City
3683 # See Europe/Rome.
3684
3685 ###############################################################################
3686
3687 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3688 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3689 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3690 #
3691 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3692 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3693 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3694 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3695 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3696 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3697
3698 # ...
3699 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3700 # From: Tom Hofmann
3701 # ...
3702 #
3703 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3704 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3705 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3706 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3707 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3708 # years...
3709 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3710 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3711 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3712 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3713 #
3714 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3715 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3716 #
3717 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3718 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3719 # ...
3720
3721 # ...
3722 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3723 # From: Dik T. Winter
3724 # ...
3725 #
3726 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3727 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3728 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3729 #
3730 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3731 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3732 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3733 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3734 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3735 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3736 # dates...
3737 #
3738 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3739 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3740 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3741 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3742 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3743 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3744 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3745 # in advance of normal time.
3746 #
3747 # ...
3748 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3749 # ...
3750
3751 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3752 # ...
3753 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3754 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3755 # ...
3756 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3757 # ...