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  12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14 # accompanied this code).
  15 #
  16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19 #
  20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  26 
  27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
  30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
  31 
  32 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
  33 #
  34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
  35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
  38 #
  39 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
  40 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
  41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  42 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  43 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
  44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
  45 #
  46 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  47 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
  48 # I found in the UCLA library.
  49 #
  50 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
  51 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
  52 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
  53 #
  54 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
  55 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  56 #


  57 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
  58 # for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
  59 # but Mark R V Murray reports that
  60 # 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
  61 # 'CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
  62 # 'WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
  63 # the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
  64 # He has heard of "Western Sahara Time" for +0:00 but can find no reference.
  65 #
  66 # To make things confusing, 'WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
  67 # I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
  68 # and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
  69 # This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
  70 # mainland seems to have been 1976 in Western Sahara.
  71 #
  72 # To summarize, the following abbreviations seem to have some currency:
  73 #       -1:00   WAT     West Africa Time (no longer used)
  74 #        0:00   GMT     Greenwich Mean Time
  75 #        2:00   CAT     Central Africa Time
  76 #        2:00   SAST    South Africa Standard Time
  77 # and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
  78 #        1:00   WAT     West Africa Time
  79 # I realize that this leads to 'WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
  80 # for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
  81 # until we get more information.
  82 #
  83 # I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
  84 #        2:00   WAST    West Africa Summer Time
  85 #        2:30   BEAT    British East Africa Time (no longer used)
  86 #        2:45   BEAUT   British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
  87 #        3:00   CAST    Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
  88 #        3:00   SAST    South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
  89 #        3:00   EAT     East Africa Time
  90 
  91 # Algeria
  92 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  93 Rule    Algeria 1916    only    -       Jun     14      23:00s  1:00    S
  94 Rule    Algeria 1916    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1       23:00s  0       -
  95 Rule    Algeria 1917    only    -       Mar     24      23:00s  1:00    S
  96 Rule    Algeria 1918    only    -       Mar      9      23:00s  1:00    S
  97 Rule    Algeria 1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
  98 Rule    Algeria 1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
  99 Rule    Algeria 1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
 100 Rule    Algeria 1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
 101 Rule    Algeria 1921    only    -       Jun     21      23:00s  0       -
 102 Rule    Algeria 1939    only    -       Sep     11      23:00s  1:00    S
 103 Rule    Algeria 1939    only    -       Nov     19       1:00   0       -
 104 Rule    Algeria 1944    1945    -       Apr     Mon>=1        2:00   1:00    S
 105 Rule    Algeria 1944    only    -       Oct      8       2:00   0       -
 106 Rule    Algeria 1945    only    -       Sep     16       1:00   0       -
 107 Rule    Algeria 1971    only    -       Apr     25      23:00s  1:00    S
 108 Rule    Algeria 1971    only    -       Sep     26      23:00s  0       -
 109 Rule    Algeria 1977    only    -       May      6       0:00   1:00    S


 127                         1:00    -       CET
 128 
 129 # Angola
 130 # Benin
 131 # See Africa/Lagos.
 132 
 133 # Botswana
 134 # See Africa/Maputo.
 135 
 136 # Burkina Faso
 137 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 138 
 139 # Burundi
 140 # See Africa/Maputo.
 141 
 142 # Cameroon
 143 # See Africa/Lagos.
 144 
 145 # Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
 146 #
 147 # Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to CVT.
 148 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
 149 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 150 # merely made it official?
 151 #
 152 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 153 Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -     LMT     1907        # Praia
 154                         -2:00   -       CVT     1942 Sep
 155                         -2:00   1:00    CVST    1945 Oct 15
 156                         -2:00   -       CVT     1975 Nov 25  2:00
 157                         -1:00   -       CVT
 158 
 159 # Central African Republic
 160 # See Africa/Lagos.
 161 
 162 # Chad
 163 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 164 Zone    Africa/Ndjamena 1:00:12 -       LMT     1912        # N'Djamena
 165                         1:00    -       WAT     1979 Oct 14
 166                         1:00    1:00    WAST    1980 Mar  8
 167                         1:00    -       WAT
 168 
 169 # Comoros
 170 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 171 
 172 # Democratic Republic of the Congo
 173 # See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
 174 
 175 # Republic of the Congo
 176 # See Africa/Lagos.
 177 


 394 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 395 
 396 # Gabon
 397 # See Africa/Lagos.
 398 
 399 # Gambia
 400 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 401 
 402 # Ghana
 403 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 404 # Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
 405 # Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942;
 406 # and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
 407 # Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
 408 # 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
 409 # For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
 410 Rule    Ghana   1920    1942    -       Sep      1      0:00    0:20    GHST
 411 Rule    Ghana   1920    1942    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       GMT
 412 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 413 Zone    Africa/Accra    -0:00:52 -      LMT     1918
 414                          0:00   Ghana   %s
 415 
 416 # Guinea
 417 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 418 
 419 # Guinea-Bissau
 420 #
 421 # Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
 422 # evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
 423 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 424 # with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
 425 #
 426 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 427 Zone    Africa/Bissau   -1:02:20 -      LMT     1912 Jan  1
 428                         -1:00   -       WAT     1975
 429                          0:00   -       GMT
 430 
 431 # Kenya
 432 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 433 Zone    Africa/Nairobi  2:27:16 -       LMT     1928 Jul
 434                         3:00    -       EAT     1930
 435                         2:30    -       BEAT    1940
 436                         2:45    -       BEAUT   1960
 437                         3:00    -       EAT
 438 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa   # Ethiopia
 439 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara        # Eritrea
 440 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
 441 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
 442 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala       # Uganda
 443 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu     # Somalia
 444 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo  # Madagascar
 445 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
 446 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
 447 
 448 # Lesotho
 449 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
 450 
 451 # Liberia
 452 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 453 # In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
 454 # from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.
 455 # Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
 456 # Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;
 457 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 458 # For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and
 459 # Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
 460 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 461 Zone    Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 -      LMT     1882
 462                         -0:43:08 -      MMT     1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
 463                         -0:44:30 -      LRT     1972 May # Liberia Time
 464                          0:00   -       GMT
 465 
 466 ###############################################################################
 467 
 468 # Libya
 469 
 470 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
 471 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
 472 # http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
 473 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
 474 #
 475 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
 476 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
 477 #
 478 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
 479 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
 480 # The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
 481 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
 482 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
 483 


 602 #
 603 # Some sources, in French:
 604 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
 605 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
 606 #
 607 # Our wrap-up:
 608 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
 609 
 610 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
 611 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
 612 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
 613 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
 614 
 615 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 616 Rule Mauritius  1982    only    -       Oct     10      0:00    1:00    S
 617 Rule Mauritius  1983    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    0       -
 618 Rule Mauritius  2008    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    S
 619 Rule Mauritius  2009    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    0       -
 620 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 621 Zone Indian/Mauritius   3:50:00 -       LMT     1907 # Port Louis
 622                         4:00 Mauritius  MU%sT   # Mauritius Time
 623 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
 624 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
 625 
 626 # Mayotte
 627 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 628 
 629 # Morocco
 630 # See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
 631 
 632 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 633 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
 634 # 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
 635 #
 636 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
 637 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
 638 # Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 639 #
 640 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
 641 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
 642 


 921 Rule    Morocco 2037    only    -       Oct      4       3:00   0       -
 922 
 923 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 924 Zone Africa/Casablanca  -0:30:20 -      LMT     1913 Oct 26
 925                          0:00   Morocco WE%sT   1984 Mar 16
 926                          1:00   -       CET     1986
 927                          0:00   Morocco WE%sT
 928 
 929 # Western Sahara
 930 #
 931 # From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
 932 # A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
 933 # ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
 934 # Morocco does.
 935 #
 936 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
 937 # Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
 938 # since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
 939 
 940 Zone Africa/El_Aaiun    -0:52:48 -      LMT     1934 Jan # El Aaiún
 941                         -1:00   -       WAT     1976 Apr 14
 942                          0:00   Morocco WE%sT
 943 
 944 # Mozambique
 945 #
 946 # Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
 947 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
 948 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 949 # merely made it official?
 950 #
 951 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 952 Zone    Africa/Maputo   2:10:20 -       LMT     1903 Mar
 953                         2:00    -       CAT
 954 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre      # Malawi
 955 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura     # Burundi
 956 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone      # Botswana
 957 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare        # Zimbabwe
 958 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali        # Rwanda
 959 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi    # E Dem. Rep. of Congo
 960 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka        # Zambia
 961 
 962 # Namibia
 963 # The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
 964 # Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
 965 
 966 # From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
 967 # http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
 968 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
 969 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
 970 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
 971 # Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
 972 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
 973 # of the country.
 974 #
 975 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-31):
 976 # Apparently the Caprivi Strip informally observes Botswana time, but
 977 # we have no details.  In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.



 978 
 979 # RULE  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 980 Rule    Namibia 1994    max     -       Sep     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    S
 981 Rule    Namibia 1995    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
 982 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 983 Zone    Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 -       LMT     1892 Feb 8
 984                         1:30    -       SWAT    1903 Mar    # SW Africa Time
 985                         2:00    -       SAST    1942 Sep 20  2:00
 986                         2:00    1:00    SAST    1943 Mar 21  2:00
 987                         2:00    -       SAST    1990 Mar 21 # independence
 988                         2:00    -       CAT     1994 Apr  3
 989                         1:00    Namibia WA%sT
 990 
 991 # Niger
 992 # See Africa/Lagos.
 993 
 994 # Nigeria
 995 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 996 Zone    Africa/Lagos    0:13:36 -       LMT     1919 Sep
 997                         1:00    -       WAT
 998 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui      # Central African Republic
 999 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
1000 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala      # Cameroon
1001 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa    # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
1002 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville  # Gabon
1003 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda      # Angola
1004 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo      # Equatorial Guinea
1005 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey      # Niger
1006 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo  # Benin
1007 
1008 # Réunion
1009 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1010 Zone    Indian/Reunion  3:41:52 -       LMT     1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
1011                         4:00    -       RET     # Réunion Time
1012 #
1013 # Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
1014 #
1015 # Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
1016 # The following information about them is taken from
1017 # Îles Éparses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
1018 # in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
1019 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
1020 #
1021 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
1022 # Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
1023 # Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
1024 # Juan de Nova - uninhabited
1025 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
1026 
1027 # Rwanda
1028 # See Africa/Maputo.
1029 
1030 # St Helena
1031 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1032 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
1033 #       Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
1034 #       Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
1035 #       Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
1036 #               on GMT, says the CIA
1037 #       Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
1038 
1039 # São Tomé and Príncipe
1040 # Senegal
1041 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1042 
1043 # Seychelles
1044 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1045 Zone    Indian/Mahe     3:41:48 -       LMT     1906 Jun # Victoria
1046                         4:00    -       SCT     # Seychelles Time
1047 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
1048 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
1049 # Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
1050 # in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976.  We don't know
1051 # whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
1052 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
1053 
1054 # Sierra Leone
1055 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1056 
1057 # Somalia
1058 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1059 
1060 # South Africa
1061 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1062 Rule    SA      1942    1943    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    -
1063 Rule    SA      1943    1944    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00    0       -
1064 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1065 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -      LMT     1892 Feb 8
1066                         1:30    -       SAST    1903 Mar




  12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14 # accompanied this code).
  15 #
  16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19 #
  20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  26 
  27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
  30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
  31 
  32 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-20):
  33 #
  34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
  35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
  38 #
  39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
  40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
  41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  42 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  43 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
  44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
  45 #
  46 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  47 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
  48 # I found in the UCLA library.
  49 #
  50 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
  51 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
  52 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
  53 #
  54 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
  55 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  56 #
  57 # European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
  58 # For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
  59 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
  60 # for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
  61 # but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
  62 # 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
  63 # 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
  64 # 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
  65 # the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".

  66 #
  67 # To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
  68 #        +00    GMT     Greenwich Mean Time
  69 #        +02    CAT     Central Africa Time
  70 #        +02    SAST    South Africa Standard Time
  71 # and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
  72 #        +01    WAT     West Africa Time
  73 # Murray's suggestion seems to have caught on in news reports and the like.
  74 # I vaguely recall 'WAT' also being used for -01 in the past but
  75 # cannot now come up with solid citations.







  76 #
  77 # I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
  78 #        +02    WAST    West Africa Summer Time
  79 #        +03    CAST    Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
  80 #        +03    SAST    South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
  81 #        +03    EAT     East Africa Time
  82 # 'EAT' also seems to have caught on; the others are rare but are paired
  83 # with better-attested non-DST abbreviations.
  84 
  85 # Algeria
  86 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  87 Rule    Algeria 1916    only    -       Jun     14      23:00s  1:00    S
  88 Rule    Algeria 1916    1919    -       Oct     Sun>=1       23:00s  0       -
  89 Rule    Algeria 1917    only    -       Mar     24      23:00s  1:00    S
  90 Rule    Algeria 1918    only    -       Mar      9      23:00s  1:00    S
  91 Rule    Algeria 1919    only    -       Mar      1      23:00s  1:00    S
  92 Rule    Algeria 1920    only    -       Feb     14      23:00s  1:00    S
  93 Rule    Algeria 1920    only    -       Oct     23      23:00s  0       -
  94 Rule    Algeria 1921    only    -       Mar     14      23:00s  1:00    S
  95 Rule    Algeria 1921    only    -       Jun     21      23:00s  0       -
  96 Rule    Algeria 1939    only    -       Sep     11      23:00s  1:00    S
  97 Rule    Algeria 1939    only    -       Nov     19       1:00   0       -
  98 Rule    Algeria 1944    1945    -       Apr     Mon>=1        2:00   1:00    S
  99 Rule    Algeria 1944    only    -       Oct      8       2:00   0       -
 100 Rule    Algeria 1945    only    -       Sep     16       1:00   0       -
 101 Rule    Algeria 1971    only    -       Apr     25      23:00s  1:00    S
 102 Rule    Algeria 1971    only    -       Sep     26      23:00s  0       -
 103 Rule    Algeria 1977    only    -       May      6       0:00   1:00    S


 121                         1:00    -       CET
 122 
 123 # Angola
 124 # Benin
 125 # See Africa/Lagos.
 126 
 127 # Botswana
 128 # See Africa/Maputo.
 129 
 130 # Burkina Faso
 131 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 132 
 133 # Burundi
 134 # See Africa/Maputo.
 135 
 136 # Cameroon
 137 # See Africa/Lagos.
 138 
 139 # Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
 140 #
 141 # Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to +02.
 142 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
 143 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 144 # merely made it official?
 145 #
 146 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 147 Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -     LMT     1907        # Praia
 148                         -2:00   -       -02     1942 Sep
 149                         -2:00   1:00    -01     1945 Oct 15
 150                         -2:00   -       -02     1975 Nov 25  2:00
 151                         -1:00   -       -01
 152 
 153 # Central African Republic
 154 # See Africa/Lagos.
 155 
 156 # Chad
 157 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 158 Zone    Africa/Ndjamena 1:00:12 -       LMT     1912        # N'Djamena
 159                         1:00    -       WAT     1979 Oct 14
 160                         1:00    1:00    WAST    1980 Mar  8
 161                         1:00    -       WAT
 162 
 163 # Comoros
 164 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 165 
 166 # Democratic Republic of the Congo
 167 # See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
 168 
 169 # Republic of the Congo
 170 # See Africa/Lagos.
 171 


 388 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 389 
 390 # Gabon
 391 # See Africa/Lagos.
 392 
 393 # Gambia
 394 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 395 
 396 # Ghana
 397 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 398 # Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
 399 # Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942;
 400 # and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
 401 # Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
 402 # 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
 403 # For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
 404 Rule    Ghana   1920    1942    -       Sep      1      0:00    0:20    GHST
 405 Rule    Ghana   1920    1942    -       Dec     31      0:00    0       GMT
 406 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 407 Zone    Africa/Accra    -0:00:52 -      LMT     1918
 408                          0:00   Ghana   GMT/+0020
 409 
 410 # Guinea
 411 # See Africa/Abidjan.
 412 
 413 # Guinea-Bissau
 414 #
 415 # Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
 416 # evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
 417 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 418 # with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
 419 #
 420 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 421 Zone    Africa/Bissau   -1:02:20 -      LMT     1912 Jan  1
 422                         -1:00   -       -01     1975
 423                          0:00   -       GMT
 424 
 425 # Kenya
 426 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 427 Zone    Africa/Nairobi  2:27:16 -       LMT     1928 Jul
 428                         3:00    -       EAT     1930
 429                         2:30    -       +0230   1940
 430                         2:45    -       +0245   1960
 431                         3:00    -       EAT
 432 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa   # Ethiopia
 433 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara        # Eritrea
 434 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
 435 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
 436 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala       # Uganda
 437 Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu     # Somalia
 438 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo  # Madagascar
 439 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
 440 Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
 441 
 442 # Lesotho
 443 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
 444 
 445 # Liberia
 446 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 447 # In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
 448 # from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.
 449 # Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
 450 # Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;
 451 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 452 # For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and
 453 # Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
 454 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 455 Zone    Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 -      LMT     1882
 456                         -0:43:08 -      MMT     1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
 457                         -0:44:30 -      -004430 1972 May
 458                          0:00   -       GMT
 459 
 460 ###############################################################################
 461 
 462 # Libya
 463 
 464 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
 465 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
 466 # http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
 467 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
 468 #
 469 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
 470 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
 471 #
 472 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
 473 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
 474 # The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
 475 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
 476 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
 477 


 596 #
 597 # Some sources, in French:
 598 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
 599 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
 600 #
 601 # Our wrap-up:
 602 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
 603 
 604 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
 605 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
 606 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
 607 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
 608 
 609 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 610 Rule Mauritius  1982    only    -       Oct     10      0:00    1:00    S
 611 Rule Mauritius  1983    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    0       -
 612 Rule Mauritius  2008    only    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    1:00    S
 613 Rule Mauritius  2009    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    0       -
 614 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 615 Zone Indian/Mauritius   3:50:00 -       LMT     1907 # Port Louis
 616                         4:00 Mauritius  +04/+05
 617 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
 618 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
 619 
 620 # Mayotte
 621 # See Africa/Nairobi.
 622 
 623 # Morocco
 624 # See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
 625 
 626 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
 627 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
 628 # 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
 629 #
 630 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
 631 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
 632 # Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
 633 #
 634 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
 635 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
 636 


 915 Rule    Morocco 2037    only    -       Oct      4       3:00   0       -
 916 
 917 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 918 Zone Africa/Casablanca  -0:30:20 -      LMT     1913 Oct 26
 919                          0:00   Morocco WE%sT   1984 Mar 16
 920                          1:00   -       CET     1986
 921                          0:00   Morocco WE%sT
 922 
 923 # Western Sahara
 924 #
 925 # From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
 926 # A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
 927 # ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
 928 # Morocco does.
 929 #
 930 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
 931 # Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
 932 # since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
 933 
 934 Zone Africa/El_Aaiun    -0:52:48 -      LMT     1934 Jan # El Aaiún
 935                         -1:00   -       -01     1976 Apr 14
 936                          0:00   Morocco WE%sT
 937 
 938 # Mozambique
 939 #
 940 # Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
 941 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
 942 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
 943 # merely made it official?
 944 #
 945 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 946 Zone    Africa/Maputo   2:10:20 -       LMT     1903 Mar
 947                         2:00    -       CAT
 948 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre      # Malawi
 949 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura     # Burundi
 950 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone      # Botswana
 951 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare        # Zimbabwe
 952 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali        # Rwanda
 953 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi    # E Dem. Rep. of Congo
 954 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka        # Zambia
 955 
 956 # Namibia
 957 # The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
 958 # Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
 959 
 960 # From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
 961 # http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
 962 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
 963 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
 964 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
 965 # Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
 966 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
 967 # of the country.
 968 #
 969 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
 970 # Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
 971 # observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
 972 # In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
 973 # See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
 974 # http://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
 975 
 976 # RULE  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 977 Rule    Namibia 1994    max     -       Sep     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    S
 978 Rule    Namibia 1995    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
 979 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 980 Zone    Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 -       LMT     1892 Feb 8
 981                         1:30    -       +0130   1903 Mar
 982                         2:00    -       SAST    1942 Sep 20  2:00
 983                         2:00    1:00    SAST    1943 Mar 21  2:00
 984                         2:00    -       SAST    1990 Mar 21 # independence
 985                         2:00    -       CAT     1994 Apr  3
 986                         1:00    Namibia WA%sT
 987 
 988 # Niger
 989 # See Africa/Lagos.
 990 
 991 # Nigeria
 992 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 993 Zone    Africa/Lagos    0:13:36 -       LMT     1919 Sep
 994                         1:00    -       WAT
 995 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui      # Central African Republic
 996 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
 997 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala      # Cameroon
 998 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa    # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
 999 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville  # Gabon
1000 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda      # Angola
1001 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo      # Equatorial Guinea
1002 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey      # Niger
1003 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo  # Benin
1004 
1005 # Réunion
1006 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1007 Zone    Indian/Reunion  3:41:52 -       LMT     1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
1008                         4:00    -       +04
1009 #
1010 # Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
1011 #
1012 # Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
1013 # The following information about them is taken from
1014 # Îles Éparses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
1015 # in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
1016 # We have no info about their time zone histories.
1017 #
1018 # Bassas da India - uninhabited
1019 # Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
1020 # Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
1021 # Juan de Nova - uninhabited
1022 # Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
1023 
1024 # Rwanda
1025 # See Africa/Maputo.
1026 
1027 # St Helena
1028 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1029 # The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
1030 #       Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
1031 #       Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
1032 #       Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
1033 #               on GMT, says the CIA
1034 #       Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
1035 
1036 # São Tomé and Príncipe
1037 # Senegal
1038 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1039 
1040 # Seychelles
1041 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1042 Zone    Indian/Mahe     3:41:48 -       LMT     1906 Jun # Victoria
1043                         4:00    -       +04
1044 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
1045 # Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
1046 # Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
1047 # in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976.  We don't know
1048 # whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
1049 # Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
1050 
1051 # Sierra Leone
1052 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1053 
1054 # Somalia
1055 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1056 
1057 # South Africa
1058 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1059 Rule    SA      1942    1943    -       Sep     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    -
1060 Rule    SA      1943    1944    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00    0       -
1061 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1062 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -      LMT     1892 Feb 8
1063                         1:30    -       SAST    1903 Mar


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