1 #
2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
3 #
4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
9 #
10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
14 # accompanied this code).
15 #
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
19 #
20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
22 # questions.
23 #
24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
26
27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
31
32 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
33 #
34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
38 #
39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
42 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
47 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
48 #
49 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
50 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
51 #
52 # Other sources occasionally used include:
53 #
54 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
55 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
56 # which I found in the UCLA library.
57 #
58 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
59 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
60 # [PDF] (1914-03)
61 #
62 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
63 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
64 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
65 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
66 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
67 #
68 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
69 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
70 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
71 # The full Russian citation is:
72 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
73 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
74 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
75 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
76 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
77 #
78 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
79 # History of Summer Time
80 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
81 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
82 #
83 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
84 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
85 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
86 # std dst 2dst
87 # LMT Local Mean Time
88 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
89 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
90 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
91 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
92 # 0:19:32.13 AMT* NST* Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
93 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
94 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
95 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
96 # 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
97 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
98 # 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
99
100 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
101 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
102 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
103 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
104 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
105 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
106 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
107 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
108 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
109 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
110 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
111 # ...
112 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
113 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
114 # ...
115 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
116 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
117 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
118 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
119 # in the Directive.
120
121
122 ###############################################################################
123
124 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
125
126 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
127 #
128 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
129 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
130 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
131 # of the text said:
132 #
133 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
134 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
135 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
136 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
137 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
138 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
139 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
140 #
141 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
142 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
143 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
144 #
145 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
146
147 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
148 #
149 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
150 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
151 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
152 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
153 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
154 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
155 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
156 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
157 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
158 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
159 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
160 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
161 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
162 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
163 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
164 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
165 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
166 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
167 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
168 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
169 #
170 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
171 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
172 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
173
174 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
175 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
176 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
177 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
178 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
179 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
180 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
181 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
182 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
183 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
184 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
185 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
186 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
187 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
188 #
189 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
190 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
191 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
192 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
193 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
194 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
195 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
196 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
197 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
198 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
199 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
200 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
201 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
202 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
203 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
204
205 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
206 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
207 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
208 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
209 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
210 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
211 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
212 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
213 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
214
215 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
216 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
217 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
218 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
219 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
220 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
221 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
222 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
223
224 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
225 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
226 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
227
228 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
229 # From: Jonathan Leffler
230 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
231 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
232 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
233
234 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
235 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
236 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
237 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
238 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
239
240 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
241 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
242 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
243 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
244
245 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
246 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
247 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
248 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
249 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
250 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
251 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
252 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
253
254 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
255 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
256 # which is to be introduced in May....
257 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
258 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
259
260 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
261 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
262 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
263 # so we use 'BDST'.
264
265 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
266 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
267 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
268 # and extending this list, which can be found in
269 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
270
271 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
272 #
273 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
274 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
275 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
276 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
277
278 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
279 #
280 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
281 #
282 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
283 # are incorrect:
284 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
285 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
286 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
287 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
288 # It actually just had one transition.
289 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
290 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
291 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
292 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
293 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
294 #
295 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
296 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
297 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
298 # conform with Great Britain.
299 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
300 #
301 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
302 # we'll ignore it for now.
303 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
304 #
305 #
306 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
307 # Shanks & Pottenger.
308 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
309 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
310 # to London. For example:
311 #
312 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
313 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
314
315 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
316 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
317 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
318 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
319 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
320 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
321 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
322
323 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
324 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
325 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
326 #
327 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
328 #
329 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
330 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
331 #
332 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
333 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
334 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
335 #
336 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
337 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
338 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
339 #
340 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
341 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
342 #
343 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
344 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
345 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
346 #
347 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
348 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
349 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
350 # being GMT+1.)
351
352 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
353 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
354 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
355 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
356 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
357 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
358 # and Frethun run in CT.
359 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
360 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
361 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
362 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
363 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
364 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
365
366 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
367 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
368 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
369 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
370 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
371 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
372 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
373
374 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
375 # Summer Time Act, 1916
376 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
377 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
378 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
379 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
381 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
382 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
384 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
385 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
388 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
390 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
391 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
392 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
394 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
395 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
396 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
397 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
398 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
400 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
401 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
403 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
404 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
407 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
409 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
413 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
415 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
416 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
417 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
419 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
420 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
421 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
422 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
423 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
424 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
425 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
426 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
428 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
429 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
430 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
432 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
434 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
435 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
436 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
437 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
438 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
439 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
440 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
441 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
442 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
443 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
444 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
445 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
446 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
447 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
448 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
450 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
451 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
452 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
453 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
454 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
455 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
456 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
457 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
458 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
459 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
460 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
461 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
462 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
463 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
464 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
465 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
466 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
467 # (no summer time)
468 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
469 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
470 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
471 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
472 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
473 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
474 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
475 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
476 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
477 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
478 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
479 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
480 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
481 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
482 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
483 #
484 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
485
486 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
487 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
488 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
489 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
490 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
491 0:00 EU GMT/BST
492 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
493 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
494 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
495
496 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
497 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
498 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
499 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
500 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
501 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
502 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
503 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
504 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
505 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
506 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
507 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
508 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
509 0:00 EU GMT/IST
510
511 ###############################################################################
512
513 # Europe
514
515 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
516 # Common Market, etc.
517
518 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
519 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
520 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
521 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
522 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
523 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
524 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
525 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
526 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
527 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
528 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
529
530 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
531 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
532 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
533 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
534 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
535 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
536 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
537
538 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
539 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
540 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
541 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
542 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
543 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
544 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
545 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
546 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
547 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
548 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
549 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
550 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
551 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
552 #
553 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
554 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
555 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
556 # tz database itself, as seen below:
557 #
558 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
559 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
560 #
561 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
562 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
563 #
564 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
565 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
566 #
567 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
568 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
569 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
570 #
571 # The rule line to be changed is:
572 #
573 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
574 #
575 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
576 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
577 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
578 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
579 # CET and MET:
580 #
581 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
582 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
583 #
584 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
585 #
586 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
587 #
588 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
589 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
590 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
591 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
592 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
593 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
594 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
595 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
596
597 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
598 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
599 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
600 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
601 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
602 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
603 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
604
605
606 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
607 #
608 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
609
610 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
611 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
612 #
613 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
614 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
615 #
616 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
617 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
618 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
619 #
620 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
621 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
622 #
623 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
624 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
625 #
626 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
627 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
628 #
629 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
630 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
631 #
632 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
633 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
634 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
635 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
636 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
637 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
638 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
639 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
640 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
641 #
642 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
643 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
644
645 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
646 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
647 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
648 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
649 #
650 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
651 # title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
652 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
653 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
654 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
655 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
656 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
657 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
658 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
659 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
660 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
661 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
662 # rules (Moscow time)
663 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
664
665 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
666 # Unamended version of the act of the
667 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
668 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
669 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
670 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
671 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
672
673 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
674 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
675 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
676 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
677 #
678 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
679 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
680 #
681 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
682 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
683
684 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
685 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
686 # to be standard.
687
688 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
689
690 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
691 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
692 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
693 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
694 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
695
696 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
697 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
698
699 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
700 # The official German names ... are
701 #
702 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
703 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
704 #
705 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
706 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
707 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
708 #
709 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
710 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
711 # Postfach 3345
712 # D-38023 Braunschweig
713 # phone: +49 531 592-0
714 #
715 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
716 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
717 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
718 #
719 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
720 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
721
722
723 # Albania
724 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
725 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
726 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
727 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
728 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
729 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
730 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
731 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
732 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
733 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
734 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
735 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
736 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
737 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
738 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
739 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
740 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
741 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
742 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
743 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
744 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
745 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
746 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
747 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
748 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
749 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
750 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
751 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
752 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
753 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
754 1:00 EU CE%sT
755
756 # Andorra
757 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
758 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
759 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
760 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
761 1:00 EU CE%sT
762
763 # Austria
764
765 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
766
767 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
768 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
769 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
770 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
771 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
772 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
773
774 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
775 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
777 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
778 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
779 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
780 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
781 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
782 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
783 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
784 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
785 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
786 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
787 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
788 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
789 1:00 - CET 1946
790 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
791 1:00 EU CE%sT
792
793 # Belarus
794 #
795 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
796 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
797 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
798 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
799 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
800 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
801 #
802 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
803 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
804 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
805 #
806 # Sources (Russian language):
807 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
808 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
809 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
810 #
811 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
812 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
813 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
814 #
815 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
816 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
817 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
818 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
819 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
820 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
821 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
822 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
823 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
824 3:00 - +03
825
826 # Belgium
827 #
828 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
829 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
830 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
831 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
832 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
833 # pp 8-9.
834 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
835 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
836 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
837 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
838 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
839 #
840 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
841 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
842 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
843 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
844 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
846 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
847 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
848 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
850 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
853 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
854 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
855 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
856 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
857 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
858 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
859 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
860 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
861 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
862 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
863 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
864 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
865 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
866 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
867 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
868 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
869 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
870 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
871 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
872 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
873 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
874 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
875 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
876 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
877 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
878 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
879 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
880 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
881 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
882 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
883 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
884 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
885 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
886 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
887 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
888 1:00 EU CE%sT
889
890 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
891 # See Europe/Belgrade.
892
893 # Bulgaria
894 #
895 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
896 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
897 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
898 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
899 #
900 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
901 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
902 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
903 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
904 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
905 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
906 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
907 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
908 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
909 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
910 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
911 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
912 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
913 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
914 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
915 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
916 2:00 EU EE%sT
917
918 # Croatia
919 # See Europe/Belgrade.
920
921 # Cyprus
922 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
923
924 # Czech Republic / Czechia
925 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
926 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
927 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
928 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
929 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
930 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
931 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
932 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
933 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
934 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
935 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
936 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
937 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
938 1:00 EU CE%sT
939 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
940
941 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
942
943 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
944 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
945 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
946 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
947 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
948 #
949 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
950 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
951 #
952 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
953 # in subsequent decrees with the law
954 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
955 #
956 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
957 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
958 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
959 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
960 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
961 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
962 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
963 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
964 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
965 # was suspended on that night):
966 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
967
968 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
969 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
970 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
971
972 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
973 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
974 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
975
976 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
977 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
978 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
979 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
980 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
981 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
982 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
983 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
984 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
985 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
986 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
987 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
988 #
989 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
990 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
991 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
992 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
993 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
994 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
995 1:00 EU CE%sT
996 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
997 0:00 - WET 1981
998 0:00 EU WE%sT
999 #
1000 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1001 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1002 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1003 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1004 #
1005 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1006 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1007 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1008 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1009 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1010 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1011
1012 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1013 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1014 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1015 #
1016 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1017 # is according to the following time line:
1018 #
1019 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1020 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1021 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1022 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1023 #
1024 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1025 # introduced.
1026
1027 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1028 #
1029 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1030 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1031 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1032 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1033 #
1034 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1035 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1036 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1037 #
1038 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1039 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1040 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1041 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1042 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1043 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1044 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1045 #
1046 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1047 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1048 #
1049 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1050 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1051 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1052 #
1053 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1054 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1055 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1056 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1057 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1058
1059 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1060 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1061 # there at 2:00 AM.
1062
1063 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1064 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1065 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1066 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1067 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1068 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1069 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1070
1071 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1072 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1073 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1074 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1075 # It is their only National Park.
1076 #
1077 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1078 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1079 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1080 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1081 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1082 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1083 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1084 #
1085 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1086 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1087 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1088 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1089 0:00 - GMT
1090 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1091 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1092 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1093 -1:00 EU -01/+00
1094 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1095 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1096 -3:00 EU -03/-02
1097 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1098 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1099
1100 # Estonia
1101 #
1102 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1103 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1104 #
1105 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1106 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1107 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1108 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1109 #
1110 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1111 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1112 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1113 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1114 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1115 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1116 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1117 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1118 # summer time next spring."
1119
1120 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1121 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1122 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1123 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1124 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1125 #
1126 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1127 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1128 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1129
1130 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1131 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1132 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1133 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1134 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1135 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1136 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1137 # after that.
1138
1139 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1140 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1141 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1142 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1143
1144 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1145 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1146 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1147 #
1148 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1149 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1150
1151 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1152 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1153 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1154 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1155 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1156 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1157 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1158 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1159 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1160 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1161 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1162 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1163 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1164 2:00 EU EE%sT
1165
1166 # Finland
1167
1168 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1169 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1170 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1171
1172 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1173 #
1174 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1175 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1176 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1177 # according to the central European standards.
1178 #
1179 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1180 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1181 # Finnish) at
1182 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1183 #
1184 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1185 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1186 #
1187 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1188 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1189 #
1190 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1191 # exist tonight."
1192
1193 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1194 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1195 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1196 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1197 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1198 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1199 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1200 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1201 #
1202 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1203 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1204
1205 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1206 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1207 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1208 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1209 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1210
1211 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1212 # round to nearest.
1213
1214 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1215 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1216 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1217 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1218 2:00 EU EE%sT
1219
1220 # Åland Is
1221 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1222
1223
1224 # France
1225
1226 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1227 #
1228 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1229 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1230 #
1231 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1232 # Paris, 1991
1233 #
1234 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1235 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1236
1237
1238 #
1239 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1240 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1241 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1242 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1243 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1244 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1245 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1246 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1247 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1248 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1249 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1250 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1251 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1252 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1253 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1254 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1255 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1256 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1257 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1258 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1259 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1260 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1261 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1262 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1263 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1264 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1265 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1266 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1267 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1268 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1269 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1270 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1271 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1272 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1273 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1274 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1275 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1276 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1277 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1278 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1279 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1280 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1281 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1282 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1283 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1284 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1285 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1286 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1287 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1288 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1289 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1290 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1291 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1292 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1293 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1294 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1295 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1296 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1297 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1298 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1299 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1300 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1301 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1302 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1303 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1304 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1305 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1306 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1307 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1308 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1309 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1310 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1311 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1312 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1313 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1314 1:00 EU CE%sT
1315
1316 # Germany
1317
1318 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1319 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1320 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1321 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1322
1323 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1324 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1325 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1326 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1327
1328 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1329 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1330 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1331 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1332 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1333
1334
1335 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1336 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1337 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1338 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1339 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1340 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1341 # Go with the PTB.
1342 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1344 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1345 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1346 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1347
1348 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1349 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1350 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1351
1352 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1353 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1354 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1355 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1356 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1357 1:00 EU CE%sT
1358
1359 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1360 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1361 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1362 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1363 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1364 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1365 #
1366 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1367 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1368
1369 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1370 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1371
1372 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1373
1374 # Georgia
1375 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1376 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1377 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1378
1379 # Gibraltar
1380 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1381 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1382 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1383 1:00 - CET 1982
1384 1:00 EU CE%sT
1385
1386 # Greece
1387 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1388 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1389 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1390 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1391 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1392 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1393 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1394 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1395 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1396 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1397 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1398 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1399 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1400 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1401 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1402 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1403 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1404 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1405 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1406 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1407 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1408 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1409 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1410 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1411 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1412 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1413 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1414 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1415 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1416 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1417 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1418 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1419 2:00 EU EE%sT
1420
1421 # Hungary
1422 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1423 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1424 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1425 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1426 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1427 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1428 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1429 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1430 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1431 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1432 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1433 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1434 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1435 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1436 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1437 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1438 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1439 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1440 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1441 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1442 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1443 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1444 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1445 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1446 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1447 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1448 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1449 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1450 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1451 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1452 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1453 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1454 1:00 EU CE%sT
1455
1456 # Iceland
1457 #
1458 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1459 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1460 #
1461 # (1993-12-05):
1462 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1463 # Iceland Almanak.
1464 #
1465 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1466 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1467 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1468 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1469 #
1470 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1471 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1472 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1473 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1474 #
1475 # (1993-12-10):
1476 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1477 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1478 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1479 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1480 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1481 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1482 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1483 # might mean something else (???).
1484 #
1485 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1486 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1487 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1488 #
1489 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1490 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1491 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1492 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1493 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1494 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1495 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1496 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1497 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1498 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1499 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1500 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1501 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1502 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1503 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1504 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1505 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1506 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1507 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1508 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1509 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1510 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1511 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1512 0:00 - GMT
1513
1514 # Italy
1515 #
1516 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1517 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1518 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1519 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1520 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1521 # so record only the time in Rome.
1522 #
1523 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1524 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1525 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1526 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1527 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1528 #
1529 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1530 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1531 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1532 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1533 # (2016-10-24):
1534 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1535 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1536 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1537 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1538 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1539 #
1540 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1541 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1542 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1543 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1544 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1545 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1546 #
1547 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1548 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1549 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1550 # Model Rome's occupation by using using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1551 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1552 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1553 #
1554 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1555 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1556 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1557 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1558 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1559 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1560 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1561 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1562 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1563 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1564 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1565 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1566 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1567 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1568 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1569 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1570 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1571 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1572 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1573 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1574 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1575 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1576 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1577 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1578 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1579 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1580 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1581 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1582 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1583 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1584 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1585 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1586 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1587 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1588 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1589 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1590 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1591 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1592 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1593 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1594 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1595 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1596 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1597 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1598 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1599 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1600 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1601 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1602 1:00 EU CE%sT
1603
1604 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1605 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1606
1607 # Latvia
1608
1609 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1610
1611 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1612 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1613 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1614 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1615 #
1616 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1617 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1618 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1619 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1620 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1621 #
1622 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1623 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1624 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1625 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1626 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1627 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1628 #
1629 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1630 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1631 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1632 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1633 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1634 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1635 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1636 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1637 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1638 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1639 #
1640 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1641 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1642 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1643
1644 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1645 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1646 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1647 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1648 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1649
1650 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1651 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1652 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1653 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1654 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1655 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1656 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1657 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1658 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1659 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1660 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1661 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1662 # appears that they will not do so....
1663
1664 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1665 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1666 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1667
1668 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1669 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1670 # Go with Byalokoz.
1671
1672 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1673 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1674 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1675 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1676 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1677 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1678 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1679 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1680 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1681 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1682 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1683 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1684 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1685 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1686 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1687 2:00 EU EE%sT
1688
1689 # Liechtenstein
1690
1691 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1692 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1693
1694 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1695 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1696 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1697 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1698 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1699 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1700 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1701 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1702 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1703
1704 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1705
1706
1707 # Lithuania
1708
1709 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1710 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1711
1712 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1713 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1714 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1715
1716 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1717 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1718 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1719
1720 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1721 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1722 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1723 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1724 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1725 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1726 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1727 # already done by Estonia.
1728
1729 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1730 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1731 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1732
1733 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1734 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1735 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1736 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1737 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1738 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1739 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1740
1741
1742 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1743 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1744 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1745 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1746 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1747 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1748 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1749 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1750 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1751 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1752 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1753 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1754 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1755 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1756 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1757 2:00 EU EE%sT
1758
1759 # Luxembourg
1760 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1761 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1762 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1763 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1764 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1765 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1766 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1767 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1768 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1769 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1770 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1771 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1772 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1773 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1774 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1775 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1776 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1777 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1778 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1779 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1780 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1781 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1782 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1783 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1784 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1785 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1786 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1787 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1788 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1789 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1790 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1791 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1792 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1793 1:00 EU CE%sT
1794
1795 # Macedonia
1796 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1797
1798 # Malta
1799 #
1800 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1801 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1802 #
1803 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1804 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1805 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1806 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1807 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1808 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1809 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1810 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1811 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1812 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1813 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1814 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1815 1:00 EU CE%sT
1816
1817 # Moldova
1818
1819 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1820 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1821 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1822 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1823 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1824 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1825 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1826 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1827 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1828
1829 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1830 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1831 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1832 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1833 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1834 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1835 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1836 # But [two people] separately reported via
1837 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1838 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1839 #
1840 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1841 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1842 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1843 # to the Winter Time).
1844 #
1845 # News (in Russian):
1846 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1847 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1848 #
1849 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1850 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1851 #
1852 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1853 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1854 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1855 #
1856 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1857 #
1858 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1859 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1860 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1861 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1862 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1863 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1864 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1865 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1866
1867 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1868 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1869 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1870 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1871 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1872 # http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1873 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1874 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1875
1876 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1877 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1878 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1879
1880 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1881 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1882 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1883 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1884 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1885 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1886 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1887 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1888 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1889 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1890 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1891 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1892
1893 # Monaco
1894 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1895 # more precise 0:09:21.
1896 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1897 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1898 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1899 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1900 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1901 1:00 EU CE%sT
1902
1903 # Montenegro
1904 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1905
1906 # Netherlands
1907
1908 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1909 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1910
1911 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1912 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1913 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1914 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1915 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1916 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1917 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1918 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1919 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1920 #
1921 # (2001-04-08):
1922 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1923 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1924 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1925 #
1926 # (2001-04-09):
1927 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1928 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1929 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1930 # actually followed.
1931 #
1932 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1933 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1934 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1935 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1936 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1937 #
1938 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1939 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1940 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1941 # Amsterdam mean time.
1942
1943 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1944 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1945
1946 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1947 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1948 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1949 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1950 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1951 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1952 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1953 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1954 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1955 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1956 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1957 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1958 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1959 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1960 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1961 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1962 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1963 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1964 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1965 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1966 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1967 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1968 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1969 #
1970 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1971 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1972 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1973 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1974 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1975 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
1976 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1977 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1978 1:00 EU CE%sT
1979
1980 # Norway
1981 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1982 # Pottenger.
1983 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1984 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1985 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1986 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1987 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1988 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1989 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1990 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1991 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1992 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1993 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1994 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1995 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1996 1:00 EU CE%sT
1997
1998 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1999
2000 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2001 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2002 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2003 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2004 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2005 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2006 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2007 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2008 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2009 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2010 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2011 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2012 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2013 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2014 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2015 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2016 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2017 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2018
2019 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2020 #
2021 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2022 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2023 # keeping Berlin time.
2024 #
2025 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2026 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2027 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2028 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2029 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2030 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2031 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2032 #
2033 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2034 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2035 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2036 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2037 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2038 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2039 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2040 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2041 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2042 #
2043 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2044 # for these regions.
2045 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2046
2047 # Poland
2048
2049 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2050 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2051
2052 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2053 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2054 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2055 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2056 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2057 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2058 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2059 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2060 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2061 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2062 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2063 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2064 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2065 # He also gives these further references:
2066 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2067 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2068 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2069 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2070 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2071 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2072 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2073 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2074 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2075 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2076 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2077 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2078 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2079 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2080 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2081 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2082 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2083 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2084 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2085 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2086 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2087 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2088 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2089 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2090 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2091 1:00 EU CE%sT
2092
2093 # Portugal
2094 #
2095 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2096 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2097 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2098 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2099 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2100 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2101 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2102 #
2103 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2104 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2105 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2106 #
2107 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2108 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2109 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2110 #
2111 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2112 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2113 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2114 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2115 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2116 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2117 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2118 #
2119 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2120 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2121 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2122 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2123 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2124 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2125 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2126 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2127 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2128 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2129 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2130 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2131 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2132 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2133 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2134 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2135 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2136 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2137 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2138 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2139 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2140 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2141 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2142 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2143 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2144 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2145 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2146 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2147 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2148 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2149 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2150 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2151 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2152 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2153 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2154 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2155 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2156 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2157 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2158 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2159 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2160 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2161 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2162 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2163 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2164 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2165 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2166 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2167 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2168 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2169 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2170 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2171 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2172 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2173 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2174 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2175 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2176 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2177 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2178 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2179 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2180 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2181 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2182 #
2183 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2184 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2185 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2186 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2187 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2188 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2189 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2190 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2191 0:00 EU WE%sT
2192 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2193 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2194 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2195 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2196 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2197 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2198 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2199 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2200 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2201 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2202 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2203 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2204 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2205 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2206 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2207 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2208 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2209 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2210 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2211 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2212 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2213 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2214 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2215 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2216 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2217 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2218 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2219 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2220 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2221 0:00 EU WE%sT
2222
2223 # Romania
2224 #
2225 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2226 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2227 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2228 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2229 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2230 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2231 #
2232 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2233 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2234 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2235 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2236 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2237 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2238 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2239 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2240 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2241 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2242 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2243 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2244 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2245 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2246 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2247 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2248 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2249 2:00 EU EE%sT
2250
2251
2252 # Russia
2253
2254 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2255 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2256 # (Government document
2257 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2258 # in Russian)
2259 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2260 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2261 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2262 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2263
2264 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2265 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2266 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2267 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2268
2269 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2270 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2271 # changed in September 2011:
2272 #
2273 # One source is
2274 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2275 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2276 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2277 #
2278 # Another source is
2279 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2280 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2281 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2282 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2283 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2284 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2285 #
2286 # Another source is
2287 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2288 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2289 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2290 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2291 #
2292 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2293 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2294 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2295 #
2296 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2297 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2298 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2299 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2300 # Conradi notes).
2301 #
2302 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2303 #
2304 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2305
2306 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2307 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2308 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2309 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2310 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2311 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2312 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2313 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2314 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2315 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2316 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2317 #
2318 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2319 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2320 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2321 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2322 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2323 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2324 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2325
2326 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2327 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2328 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2329 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2330 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2331 #
2332 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2333 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2334 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2335 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2336 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2337 #
2338 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2339 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2340 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2341 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2342 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2343 #
2344 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2345 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2346 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2347 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2348 #
2349 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2350 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2351 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2352 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2353 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2354 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2355 #
2356 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2357 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2358 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2359 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2360 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2361 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2362 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2363 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2364
2365 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2366 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2367 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2368 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2369 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2370 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2371 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2372 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2373 # divisions where available.
2374
2375 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2376
2377
2378 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2379 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2380 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2381
2382 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2383 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2384
2385 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2386 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2387 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2388 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2389 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2390 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2391 # ...
2392 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2393 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2394 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2395 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2396
2397 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2398 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2399 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2400 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2401 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2402 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2403 2:00 - EET
2404
2405
2406 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2407 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2408 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2409 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2410 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2411 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2412 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2413 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2414 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2415 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2416 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2417 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2418 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2419 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2420 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2421 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2422 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2423 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2424 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2425 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2426 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2427 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2428 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2429 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2430 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2431 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2432 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2433 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2434 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2435 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2436 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2437 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2438 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2439 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2440 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2441 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2442 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2443 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2444 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2445 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2446 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2447 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2448 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2449 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2450 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2451 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2452 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2453 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2454
2455 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2456 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2457 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2458 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2459 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2460 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2461 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2462 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2463 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2464
2465 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2466 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2467 # Wikipedia refers to
2468 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2469 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2470 #
2471 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2472 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2473 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2474 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2475 # time belt changes map).
2476 #
2477 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2478 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2479 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2480 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2481 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2482 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2483 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2484 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2485 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2486 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2487 # is also provided.
2488 #
2489 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2490 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2491 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2492 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2493 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2494 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2495 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2496 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2497 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2498 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2499 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2500 # time.
2501 #
2502 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2503 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2504 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2505 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2506 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2507 #
2508 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2509 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2510 #
2511 # 12. Udmurtia
2512 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2513 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2514 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2515 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2516 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2517 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2518 #
2519 # ...
2520 #
2521 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2522 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2523 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2524 #
2525 # There were some exceptions, though.
2526 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2527 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2528 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2529 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2530 #
2531 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2532 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2533 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2534 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2535 # http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2536 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2537 # 2 days before the switch.
2538 #
2539 #
2540 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2541 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2542 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2543 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2544 # time in Moscow.
2545
2546 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2547 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2548 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2549 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2550 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2551 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2552 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2553 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2554 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2555 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2556 # 2:31:19 ...
2557 #
2558 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2559 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2560 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2561 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2562 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2563
2564 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2565 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2566 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2567 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2568 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2569 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2570 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2571 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2572 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2573 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2574 3:00 - MSK
2575
2576
2577 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2578 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2579
2580 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2581 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2582 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2583 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2584 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2585 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2586 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2587 2:00 - EET 1992
2588 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2589 #
2590 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2591 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2592 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2593 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2594 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2595 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2596 # changed in May.
2597 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2598 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2599 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2600 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2601 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2602 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2603 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2604 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2605 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2606 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2607 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2608 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2609 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2610 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2611 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2612 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2613 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2614 3:00 - MSK
2615
2616
2617 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2618 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2619 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2620 #
2621 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2622
2623 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2624 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2625 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2626 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2627 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2628 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2629
2630 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2631 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2632 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2633 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2634 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2635 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2636 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2637 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2638 4:00 - +04
2639
2640 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2641 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2642 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2643 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2644
2645 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2646 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2647 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2648 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2649 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2650 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2651 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2652 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2653 3:00 - +03
2654
2655 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2656 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2657 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2658
2659 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2660 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2661 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2662 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2663 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2664 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2665
2666 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2667 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2668 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2669 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2670 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2671 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2672 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2673 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2674 4:00 - +04
2675
2676 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2677 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2678 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2679 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2680 #
2681 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2682 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2683 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2684 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2685 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2686 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2687 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2688 3:00 - +03
2689
2690 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2691 # Europe/Samara covers...
2692 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2693 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2694
2695 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2696 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2697 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2698
2699 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2700 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2701 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2702 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2703 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2704 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2705 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2706 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2707 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2708 4:00 - +04
2709
2710 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2711 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2712 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2713
2714 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2715
2716 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2717 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2718 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2719 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2720 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2721 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2722
2723 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2724 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2725 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2726 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2727 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2728 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2729 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2730 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2731 4:00 - +04
2732
2733 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2734 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2735 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2736 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2737 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2738 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2739 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2740 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2741 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2742 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2743 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2744 #
2745 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2746 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2747
2748 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2749 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2750 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2751 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2752
2753 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2754 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2755 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2756 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2757 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2758 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2759 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2760 5:00 - +05
2761
2762
2763 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2764 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2765 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2766
2767 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2768
2769 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2770 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2771 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2772 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2773 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2774 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2775 6:00 - +06
2776
2777 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2778 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2779 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2780 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2781
2782 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2783
2784 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2785 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2786 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2787 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2788 # 1995-05-28.
2789 #
2790 # http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2791 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2792 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2793 # after 1957: UTC+7
2794 # since 1995: UTC+6
2795 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2796 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2797
2798 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2799 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2800 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2801 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2802 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2803 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2804 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2805 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2806
2807 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2808 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2809 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2810 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2811 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2812 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2813 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2814 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2815 7:00 - +07
2816
2817 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2818 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2819 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2820
2821 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2822 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2823 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2824 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2825 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2826 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2827
2828 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2829 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2830 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2831 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2832 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2833 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2834 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2835 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2836 7:00 - +07
2837
2838 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2839 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2840 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2841
2842 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2843 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2844
2845 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2846 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2847
2848 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2849 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2850 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2851 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2852 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2853 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2854 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2855 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2856 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2857
2858 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2859 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2860 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2861 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2862 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2863 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2864 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2865 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2866 # recent changes).
2867 #
2868 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2869 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2870 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2871 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2872 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2873 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2874 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2875 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2876
2877 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2878 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2879
2880 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2881 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2882 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2883 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2884 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2885 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2886 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2887 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2888 7:00 - +07
2889
2890
2891 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2892 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2893 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2894
2895 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2896 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2897 # March 28, 2010:
2898 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2899 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2900 #
2901 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2902 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2903 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2904 #
2905 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2906 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2907 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2908 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2909 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2910 #
2911 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2912 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2913
2914 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2915 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2916 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2917
2918 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2919 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2920 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2921 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2922 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2923 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2924 7:00 - +07
2925
2926 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2927 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2928 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2929 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2930 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2931 #
2932 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2933 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2934
2935 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2936
2937 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2938 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2939 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2940 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2941 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2942 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2943 7:00 - +07
2944
2945
2946 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2947 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2948 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2949 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2950 #
2951 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2952 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2953
2954 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2955 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2956 # Go with Byalokoz.
2957
2958 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2959 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2960 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
2961 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2962 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2963 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2964 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2965 8:00 - +08
2966
2967
2968 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2969 # Asia/Chita covers...
2970 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2971 #
2972 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2973 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2974
2975 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2976 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2977 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
2978 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2979 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2980
2981 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2982 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
2983 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2984 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2985 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2986 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2987 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
2988 9:00 - +09
2989
2990
2991 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2992 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2993 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2994 #
2995 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2996 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2997 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2998 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2999 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
3000 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
3001 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
3002 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
3003 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
3004 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
3005 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
3006 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
3007 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
3008 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
3009 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
3010 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
3011 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
3012 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
3013 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
3014 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
3015 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
3016 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
3017 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
3018 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3019
3020 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3021 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3022 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3023 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3024
3025 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3026
3027 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3028 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3029 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3030 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3031 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3032 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3033 9:00 - +09
3034
3035
3036 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3037 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3038 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3039 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3040 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3041 #
3042 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3043 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3044 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3045
3046 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3047 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3048 # Go with Byalokoz.
3049
3050 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3051 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3052 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3053 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3054 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3055 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3056 10:00 - +10
3057
3058
3059 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3060 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3061 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3062 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3063
3064 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3065 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3066 # in 2011.
3067
3068 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3069 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3070 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3071 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3072
3073 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3074 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3075 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3076 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3077 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3078 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3079 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3080 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3081 9:00 - +09
3082
3083
3084 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3085 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3086 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3087 # ...with the exception of:
3088 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3089
3090 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3091 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3092 # (2016-03-09):
3093 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3094
3095 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3096 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3097 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3098 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3099 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3100 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3101 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3102 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3103 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3104 11:00 - +11
3105
3106
3107 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3108 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3109 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3110
3111 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3112 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3113 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3114 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3115 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3116 # need their own zone.
3117
3118 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3119 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3120 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3121 #
3122 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3123 # ... signed by the President today ...
3124 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3125
3126 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3127 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3128 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3129 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3130 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3131 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3132 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3133 11:00 - +11
3134
3135
3136 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3137 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3138 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3139 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3140 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3141 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3142 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3143 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3144 #
3145 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3146 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3147
3148 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3149 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3150 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3151 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3152 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3153 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3154
3155 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3156 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3157 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3158 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3159 #
3160 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3161 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3162 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3163 # each! (Yikes!)
3164 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3165 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3166 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3167 #
3168 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3169 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3170 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3171 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3172 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3173 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3174 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3175 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3176
3177 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3178 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3179 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3180 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3181 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3182 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3183 11:00 - +11
3184
3185
3186 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3187 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3188 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3189
3190 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3191 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3192 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3193 #
3194 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3195 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3196 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3197 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3198 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3199
3200 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3201 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3202 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3203 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3204 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3205 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3206 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3207 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3208 10:00 - +10
3209
3210
3211 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3212 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3213 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3214 #
3215 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3216 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3217
3218 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3219 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3220 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3221 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3222 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3223 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3224 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3225 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3226 12:00 - +12
3227
3228
3229 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3230 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3231 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3232
3233 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3234 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3235 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3236 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3237 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3238 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3239 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3240 12:00 - +12
3241
3242
3243 # San Marino
3244 # See Europe/Rome.
3245
3246 # Serbia
3247 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3248 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3249 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3250 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3251 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3252 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3253 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3254 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3255 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3256 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3257 1:00 EU CE%sT
3258 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3259 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3260 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3261 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3262 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3263
3264 # Slovakia
3265 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3266
3267 # Slovenia
3268 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3269
3270 # Spain
3271 #
3272 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3273 #
3274 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3275 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3276 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3277 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3278 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3279 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3280 #
3281 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3282 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3283 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3284 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3285 # the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
3286 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3287 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3288
3289 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3290 # The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3291 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3292 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3293 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3294 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3295 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3296
3297 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3298 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3299 Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
3300 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
3301 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
3302 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
3303 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
3304 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3305 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
3306 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3307 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
3308 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3309 Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
3310 Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
3311 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3312 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
3313 Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
3314 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3315 #
3316 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3317 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3318 # 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3319 # change during that period.
3320 #
3321 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3322 #Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3323 Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
3324 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
3325 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
3326 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3327 Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3328 Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3329 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3330 Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
3331 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
3332 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3333 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3334 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3335 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3336 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3337 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3338 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3339 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3340 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3341 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3342 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3343 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3344 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3345 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3346 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3347 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3348 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3349 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3350 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3351 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3352 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3353 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3354 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3355 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3356 1:00 EU CE%sT
3357 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3358 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3359 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3360 0:00 - WET 1924
3361 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3362 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3363 1:00 - CET 1986
3364 1:00 EU CE%sT
3365 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3366 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3367 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3368 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3369 0:00 EU WE%sT
3370 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3371 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3372
3373 # Sweden
3374
3375 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3376 #
3377 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3378 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3379 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3380 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3381 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3382 #
3383 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3384 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3385 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3386 #
3387 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3388 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3389 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3390 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3391 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3392 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3393 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3394 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3395 #
3396 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3397 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3398 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3399 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3400 #
3401 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3402 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3403 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3404 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3405 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3406 # the Sök-button).
3407 #
3408 # (2001-05-13):
3409 #
3410 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3411 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3412 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3413 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3414 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3415 # hour before the event took place.
3416 #
3417 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3418
3419 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3420 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3421 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3422 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3423 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3424 1:00 - CET 1980
3425 1:00 EU CE%sT
3426
3427 # Switzerland
3428 # From Howse:
3429 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3430 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3431 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3432 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3433 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3434 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3435 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3436 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3437 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3438 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3439
3440 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3441 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3442 #
3443 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3444 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3445 #
3446 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3447 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3448 # federal law collection)...
3449 #
3450 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3451 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3452 #
3453 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3454 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3455 #
3456 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3457 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3458 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3459 # other years are made.
3460 #
3461 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3462 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3463 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3464 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3465 #
3466 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3467 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3468 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3469 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3470 #
3471 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3472 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3473 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3474 #
3475 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3476 #
3477 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3478 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3479 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3480 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3481 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3482 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3483 #
3484 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3485 # The Federal regulations say
3486 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3487 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3488 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3489
3490 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3491 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3492 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3493 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3494 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3495 # hour before the beginning of service.
3496
3497 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3498 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3499 #
3500 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3501 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3502 #
3503 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3504 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3505 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3506 #
3507 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3508 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3509 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3510 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3511 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3512 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3513 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3514 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3515 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3516 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3517 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3518
3519 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3520 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3521 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3522 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3523 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3524 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3525 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3526 1:00 EU CE%sT
3527
3528 # Turkey
3529
3530 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3531 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3532 # no exceptions.
3533 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3534 # Here are official papers:
3535 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3536 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3537 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3538 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3539 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3540 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3541 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3542 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3543 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3544 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3545 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3546 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3547 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3548
3549 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3550 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3551 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3552 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3553 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3554 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3555 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3556 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3557 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3558
3559 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3560 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3561 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3562 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3563 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3564 # Turkish:
3565 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3566
3567 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3568 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3569 # Turkish Local election....
3570 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3571 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3572 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3573 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3574 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3575 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3576 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3577 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3578 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3579 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3580 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3581 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3582
3583 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3584 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3585 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3586 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3587 #
3588 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3589 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3590 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3591 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3592 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3593
3594 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3595 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3596 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3597 #
3598 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3599 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3600 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3601
3602 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3603 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3604 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3605 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3606 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3607 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3608 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3609 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3610 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3611 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3612 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3613 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3614 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3615 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3616 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3617 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3618 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3619 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3620 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3621 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3622 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3623 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3624 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3625 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3626 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3627 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3628 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3629 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3630 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3631 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3632 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3633 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3634 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3635 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3636 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3637 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3638 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3639 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3640 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3641 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3642 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3643 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3644 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3645 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3646 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3647 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3648 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3649 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3650 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3651 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3652 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3653 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3654 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3655 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3656 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3657 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3658 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3659 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3660 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3661 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3662 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3663 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3664 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3665 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3666 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3667 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3668 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3669 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3670 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3671 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3672 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3673 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3674 3:00 - +03
3675 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3676
3677 # Ukraine
3678 #
3679 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3680 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3681 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3682 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3683 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3684 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3685 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3686
3687 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3688 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3689 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3690 #
3691 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3692 # approval from 266 deputies.
3693 #
3694 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3695 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3696 #
3697 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3698 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3699 #
3700 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3701 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3702 #
3703 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3704 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3705 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3706 # time this year after all.
3707 #
3708 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3709 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3710 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3711 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3712 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3713 #
3714 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3715 # The law documents themselves are at
3716 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3717
3718 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3719 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3720 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3721 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3722 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3723 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3724 #
3725 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3726 # "summer time" was still in action):
3727 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3728 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3729 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3730 #
3731 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3732 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3733 #
3734 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3735 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3736 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3737 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3738 # This is an answer.
3739 #
3740 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3741 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3742 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3743 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3744 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3745
3746 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3747 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3748 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3749 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3750 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3751 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3752 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3753 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3754 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3755 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3756 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3757 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3758 2:00 EU EE%sT
3759 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3760 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3761 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3762 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3763 1:00 - CET 1940
3764 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3765 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3766 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3767 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3768 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3769 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3770 2:00 - EET 1992
3771 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3772 2:00 EU EE%sT
3773 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3774 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3775 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3776 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3777 # portable Posix file names.
3778 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3779 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
3780 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3781 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3782 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3783 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3784 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3785 2:00 EU EE%sT
3786
3787 # Vatican City
3788 # See Europe/Rome.
3789
3790 ###############################################################################
3791
3792 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3793 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3794 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3795 #
3796 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3797 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3798 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3799 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3800 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3801 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3802
3803 # ...
3804 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3805 # From: Tom Hofmann
3806 # ...
3807 #
3808 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3809 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3810 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3811 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3812 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3813 # years...
3814 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3815 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3816 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3817 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3818 #
3819 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3820 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3821 #
3822 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3823 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3824 # ...
3825
3826 # ...
3827 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3828 # From: Dik T. Winter
3829 # ...
3830 #
3831 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3832 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3833 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3834 #
3835 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3836 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3837 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3838 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3839 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3840 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3841 # dates...
3842 #
3843 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3844 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3845 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3846 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3847 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3848 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3849 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3850 # in advance of normal time.
3851 #
3852 # ...
3853 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3854 # ...
3855
3856 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3857 # ...
3858 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3859 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3860 # ...
3861 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3862 # ...