32 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-20):
33 #
34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
38 #
39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
42 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
47 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
48 # I found in the UCLA library.
49 #
50 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
51 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
52 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
53 #
54 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
55 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
56 #
57 # European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
58 # For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
59 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
60 # for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
61 # but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
62 # 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
63 # 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
64 # 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
65 # the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
66 #
67 # To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
68 # +00 GMT Greenwich Mean Time
69 # +02 CAT Central Africa Time
70 # +02 SAST South Africa Standard Time
71 # and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
72 # +01 WAT West Africa Time
224 # saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
225 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
226 #
227 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
228 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
229 # or
230 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
231 Rule Egypt 1995 2010 - Apr lastFri 0:00s 1:00 S
232 Rule Egypt 1995 2005 - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
233 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
234 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
235 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
236 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
237 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
238 Rule Egypt 2006 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
239 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
240 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
241 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
242 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
243 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
244 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
245 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
246 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
247 Rule Egypt 2007 only - Sep Thu>=1 24:00 0 -
248 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
249 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
250 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
251 # year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
252 # hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
253 # shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
254 # unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
255 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
256 # For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.
257
258 # From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
259 # The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
260 #
261 # > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
262 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
263 # Apr 23
264 # > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
265 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
266 # Apr 24
267 # > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
268 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
269 # Aug 27
270 # > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
271 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
272 # Aug 27
273 # > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
274 #
275 # > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
276 # :59)
277 # > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
278 #
279 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
280 #
281 # [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
282 # [2] http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
283 # [3] http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
284
285 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
286 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
287 # Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
288 # in September.
289
290 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
291 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
292 # Information and Decision Support Center:
293 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
294 #
295 # The Middle East News Agency
296 # http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
297 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
298 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
299 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
300 # and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
301 # (at least today).
302
303 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
304 # According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
305 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
306 # Ramadan.
307 #
308 # Arabic translation:
309 # "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
310 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
311 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
312
313 # From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
314 # Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
315 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
316
326 # take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
327 # to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
328 # and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
329 # o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014." This statement has been
330 # reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
331 # http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
332
333 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
334 # Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
335 # the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
336 # above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption. There is
337 # no information about when DST will end this fall. See:
338 # http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
339
340 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
341 # Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
342 # This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
343 # Thursday of April.... Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
344 # dates not yet announced....
345 # http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
346 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
347
348 # From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
349 # Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
350 # least for 2015.
351 #
352 # From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
353 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
354 # "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
355 # time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
356 # practice altogether in future years."
357 #
358 # From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
359 # Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
360 # decision to abandon DST permanently. See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
361 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
362
363 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
364 # Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
365 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
366 # From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
453 # 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
454 # Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
455 # President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
456 # Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
457 #
458 # Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more-accurate numeric
459 # abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
460 #
461 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
462 Zone Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 - LMT 1882
463 -0:43:08 - MMT 1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
464 -0:44:30 - MMT 1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
465 0:00 - GMT
466
467 ###############################################################################
468
469 # Libya
470
471 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
472 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
473 # http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
474 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
475 #
476 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
477 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
478 #
479 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
480 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
481 # The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
482 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
483 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
484
485 # From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
486 # The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
487 # cancelled yesterday....
488 # http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
489 #
490 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
491 # For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
492
493 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
494 Rule Libya 1951 only - Oct 14 2:00 1:00 S
495 Rule Libya 1952 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
496 Rule Libya 1953 only - Oct 9 2:00 1:00 S
497 Rule Libya 1954 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
498 Rule Libya 1955 only - Sep 30 0:00 1:00 S
499 Rule Libya 1956 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
500 Rule Libya 1982 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
501 Rule Libya 1982 1985 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
502 Rule Libya 1985 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
503 Rule Libya 1986 only - Apr 4 0:00 1:00 S
504 Rule Libya 1986 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
505 Rule Libya 1987 1989 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
506 Rule Libya 1987 1989 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
507 Rule Libya 1997 only - Apr 4 0:00 1:00 S
508 Rule Libya 1997 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
521 1:00 Libya CE%sT 2013 Oct 25 2:00
522 2:00 - EET
523
524 # Madagascar
525 # See Africa/Nairobi.
526
527 # Malawi
528 # See Africa/Maputo.
529
530 # Mali
531 # Mauritania
532 # See Africa/Abidjan.
533
534 # Mauritius
535
536 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
537 # Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
538 # basis....
539 # It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
540 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
541 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
542
543 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
544 # http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
545
546 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
547 # The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
548 # final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
549 # would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.
550
551 # From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
552 # Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.
553
554 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
555 # According to
556 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
557 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
558 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31). The new start
559 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
560 # given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
561 #
589 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
590 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
591 # year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
592 # and end on 29 March 2009.
593
594 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
595 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
596 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
597 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
598 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
599
600 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
601 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
602 # DST the coming summer...
603 #
604 # Some sources, in French:
605 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
606 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
607 #
608 # Our wrap-up:
609 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
610
611 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
612 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
613 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
614 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
615
616 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
617 Rule Mauritius 1982 only - Oct 10 0:00 1:00 S
618 Rule Mauritius 1983 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 -
619 Rule Mauritius 2008 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
620 Rule Mauritius 2009 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
621 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
622 Zone Indian/Mauritius 3:50:00 - LMT 1907 # Port Louis
623 4:00 Mauritius +04/+05
624 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
625 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
626
627 # Mayotte
628 # See Africa/Nairobi.
629
630 # Morocco
631 # See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
632
633 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
634 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
635 # 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
636 #
637 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
638 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
639 # Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
640 #
641 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
642 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
643
644 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
645 # The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
646 # Presse:
647 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
648 #
649 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
650 # spokesman.
651
652 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
653 # According to this article:
654 # http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
655 # (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>)
656 # the changes occur at midnight:
657 #
658 # Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
659 # interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
660 # Sunday night the 28th at midnight
661 #
662 # Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
663 # the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
664 # Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
665 # June 1st to Sept 27th.
666 #
667 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
668 # published on the web.
669 #
670 # It's also confirmed here:
671 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
672 # on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
673 # posted in English).
674 #
675 # The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
676 # http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
677
678 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
679 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
680 # and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
681 # of September:
682 #
683 # One article about it (in French):
684 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
685 #
686 # We have some further details posted here:
687 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
688
689 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
690 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
691 # to many sources, such as
692 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
693 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
694 # (French)
695 #
696 # Our summary:
697 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
698
699 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
700 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
701 # Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
702 #
703 # Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
704 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
705 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
706 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
707 #
708 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
709 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
710
711 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
712 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
713 # of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
714 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
715 #
716 # Example:
717 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
718 # (French)
719 # Our page:
720 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
721
722 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
723 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
724 # The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
725 # The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
726 # ...Official links of change in morocco
727 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
728 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
729 # +212.537.71.84.00
730 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
731 # They said that
732 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
733 # is the official publication to look at.
734 # They said that the decision was already taken.
735 #
736 # More articles in the press
737 # http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
738 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
739 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
740
741 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
742 # They have it written in English here:
743 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
744 #
745 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
746 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
747 # wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
748 # also been like that in the past.
749
750 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
751 # According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
752 # on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
753 # Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
754 # http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
755 # Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
756 # the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
757 # last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
809 # Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
810 # http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
811
812 # From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
813 # http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
814
815 # From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
816 # The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
817 # to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time.... DST
818 # will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
819 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
820
821 # From Milamber (2015-06-08):
822 # (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
823 # Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
824 # that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
825 # 2015 at 2:00. The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
826 # 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
827 # 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
828 # Source (french):
829 # http://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
830 #
831 # From Milamber (2015-06-09):
832 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
833 #
834 # From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
835 # [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
836 # from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
837 # I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
838 # <http://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
839 # with the patch.
840
841 # From Paul Eggert (2015-06-08):
842 # For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use 2015's rules,
843 # and guess that Morocco will switch to standard time at 03:00 the last
844 # Sunday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Sunday after
845 # Ramadan. To implement this, transition dates for 2016 through 2037 were
846 # determined by running the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the
847 # results integrated by hand into the table below.
848 # (let ((islamic-year 1437))
849 # (require 'cal-islam)
850 # (while (< islamic-year 1460)
851 # (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
852 # (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
853 # (sunday 0))
854 # (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
855 # (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
856 # (setq b (1+ b)))
857 # (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
858 # (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
943 0:00 Morocco WE%sT
944
945 # Mozambique
946 #
947 # Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
948 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
949 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
950 # merely made it official?
951 #
952 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
953 Zone Africa/Maputo 2:10:20 - LMT 1903 Mar
954 2:00 - CAT
955 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre # Malawi
956 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura # Burundi
957 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone # Botswana
958 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare # Zimbabwe
959 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali # Rwanda
960 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi # E Dem. Rep. of Congo
961 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka # Zambia
962
963 # Namibia
964 # The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
965 # Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
966
967 # From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
968 # http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
969 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
970 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
971 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions. Chief of
972 # Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
973 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
974 # of the country.
975 #
976 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
977 # Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
978 # observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
979 # In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
980 # See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
981 # http://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
982
983 # RULE NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
984 Rule Namibia 1994 max - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
985 Rule Namibia 1995 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
986 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
987 Zone Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
988 1:30 - +0130 1903 Mar
989 2:00 - SAST 1942 Sep 20 2:00
990 2:00 1:00 SAST 1943 Mar 21 2:00
991 2:00 - SAST 1990 Mar 21 # independence
992 2:00 - CAT 1994 Apr 3
993 1:00 Namibia WA%sT
994
995 # Niger
996 # See Africa/Lagos.
997
998 # Nigeria
999 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1000 Zone Africa/Lagos 0:13:36 - LMT 1919 Sep
1001 1:00 - WAT
1002 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui # Central African Republic
1003 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
1004 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala # Cameroon
1005 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
1006 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville # Gabon
1007 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda # Angola
1008 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo # Equatorial Guinea
1009 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey # Niger
1010 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo # Benin
1011
1012 # Réunion
1013 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1060
1061 # Somalia
1062 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1063
1064 # South Africa
1065 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1066 Rule SA 1942 1943 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 -
1067 Rule SA 1943 1944 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1068 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1069 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
1070 1:30 - SAST 1903 Mar
1071 2:00 SA SAST
1072 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru # Lesotho
1073 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane # Swaziland
1074 #
1075 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
1076 # scientific station since 1947
1077 # no information
1078
1079 # Sudan
1080 #
1081 # From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html>
1082 # Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
1083 # also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
1084 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
1085 # Saturday.... This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
1086 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
1087 #
1088 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1089 Rule Sudan 1970 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1090 Rule Sudan 1970 1985 - Oct 15 0:00 0 -
1091 Rule Sudan 1971 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1092 Rule Sudan 1972 1985 - Apr lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1093 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1094 Zone Africa/Khartoum 2:10:08 - LMT 1931
1095 2:00 Sudan CA%sT 2000 Jan 15 12:00
1096 3:00 - EAT
1097
1098 # South Sudan
1099 Link Africa/Khartoum Africa/Juba
1100
1101 # Swaziland
1102 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
1103
1104 # Tanzania
1105 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1106
1107 # Togo
1108 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1109
1110 # Tunisia
1111
1112 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
1113 # My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
1114 # this time in Tunisia. According to Yahoo France News
1115 # <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed to AP
1116 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
1117 # one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1. Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
1118 # UTC+2 instead of UTC+1. The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
1119 # Saturday." (My translation)
1120 #
1121 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
1122 # La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
1123 # http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
1124 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
1125 # 1h standard time.
1126 #
1127 # From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
1128 # The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
1129 # Beginning : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1130 # Ending : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
1131 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50
1132
1133 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
1134 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
1135 # (Arabic)
1136 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
1137 # http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
1138 #
1139 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
1140 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
1141 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
1142
1143 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
1144 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
1145 #
1146 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
1147 #
1148 # (in English)
1149 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
1150 #
1151 # (in Arabic)
1152 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
1153
1154 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
1155 # The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
1156 # due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
1157 # concerned by summer time. Therefore, the standard time will be kept
1158 # unchanged the whole year long." So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
1159 # (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
1160
1161 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
|
32 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-20):
33 #
34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
38 #
39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
42 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
47 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
48 # I found in the UCLA library.
49 #
50 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
51 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
52 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
53 #
54 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
55 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
56 #
57 # European-style abbreviations are commonly used along the Mediterranean.
58 # For sub-Saharan Africa abbreviations were less standardized.
59 # Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
60 # for UT +00 through +03, respectively,
61 # but in 1997 Mark R V Murray reported that
62 # 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +02 in the country of South Africa,
63 # 'CAT' is commonly used for +02 in countries north of South Africa, and
64 # 'WAT' is probably the best name for +01, as the common phrase for
65 # the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
66 #
67 # To summarize, the following abbreviations seemed to have some currency:
68 # +00 GMT Greenwich Mean Time
69 # +02 CAT Central Africa Time
70 # +02 SAST South Africa Standard Time
71 # and Murray suggested the following abbreviation:
72 # +01 WAT West Africa Time
224 # saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
225 # Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
226 #
227 # Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
228 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
229 # or
230 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
231 Rule Egypt 1995 2010 - Apr lastFri 0:00s 1:00 S
232 Rule Egypt 1995 2005 - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
233 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
234 # The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
235 # Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
236 # after observing the daylight saving time since May.
237 # http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
238 Rule Egypt 2006 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
239 # From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
240 # I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
241 # saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
242 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
243 # http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
244 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
245 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
246 # http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
247 Rule Egypt 2007 only - Sep Thu>=1 24:00 0 -
248 # From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
249 # Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
250 # than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
251 # year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
252 # hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
253 # shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
254 # unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
255 # From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
256 # For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.
257
258 # From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
259 # The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
260 #
261 # > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
262 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
263 # Apr 23
264 # > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
265 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
266 # Apr 24
267 # > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
268 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
269 # Aug 27
270 # > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
271 # > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
272 # Aug 27
273 # > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
274 #
275 # > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
276 # :59)
277 # > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
278 #
279 # timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
280 #
281 # [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
282 # [2] https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
283 # [3] https://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
284
285 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
286 # In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
287 # Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
288 # in September.
289
290 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
291 # We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
292 # Information and Decision Support Center:
293 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
294 #
295 # The Middle East News Agency
296 # https://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
297 # also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
298 # today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
299 # Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
300 # and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
301 # (at least today).
302
303 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
304 # According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
305 # decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
306 # Ramadan.
307 #
308 # Arabic translation:
309 # "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
310 # http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
311 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
312
313 # From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
314 # Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
315 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
316
326 # take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
327 # to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
328 # and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
329 # o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014." This statement has been
330 # reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
331 # http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
332
333 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
334 # Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
335 # the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
336 # above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption. There is
337 # no information about when DST will end this fall. See:
338 # http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
339
340 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
341 # Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
342 # This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
343 # Thursday of April.... Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
344 # dates not yet announced....
345 # http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
346 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
347
348 # From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
349 # Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
350 # least for 2015.
351 #
352 # From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
353 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
354 # "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
355 # time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
356 # practice altogether in future years."
357 #
358 # From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
359 # Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
360 # decision to abandon DST permanently. See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
361 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
362
363 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
364 # Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
365 # http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
366 # From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
453 # 1972-01-07, according to an entry dated 1972-01-04 on p 330 of:
454 # Presidential Papers: First year of the administration of
455 # President William R. Tolbert, Jr., July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972.
456 # Monrovia: Executive Mansion.
457 #
458 # Use the abbreviation "MMT" before 1972, as the more-accurate numeric
459 # abbreviation "-004430" would be one byte over the POSIX limit.
460 #
461 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
462 Zone Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 - LMT 1882
463 -0:43:08 - MMT 1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
464 -0:44:30 - MMT 1972 Jan 7 # approximately MMT
465 0:00 - GMT
466
467 ###############################################################################
468
469 # Libya
470
471 # From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
472 # Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
473 # https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
474 # Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
475 #
476 # Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
477 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
478 #
479 # From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
480 # Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
481 # The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
482 # (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
483 # lastFri instead of lastSun).
484
485 # From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
486 # The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
487 # cancelled yesterday....
488 # https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
489 #
490 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
491 # For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
492
493 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
494 Rule Libya 1951 only - Oct 14 2:00 1:00 S
495 Rule Libya 1952 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
496 Rule Libya 1953 only - Oct 9 2:00 1:00 S
497 Rule Libya 1954 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
498 Rule Libya 1955 only - Sep 30 0:00 1:00 S
499 Rule Libya 1956 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 -
500 Rule Libya 1982 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
501 Rule Libya 1982 1985 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
502 Rule Libya 1985 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
503 Rule Libya 1986 only - Apr 4 0:00 1:00 S
504 Rule Libya 1986 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
505 Rule Libya 1987 1989 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
506 Rule Libya 1987 1989 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
507 Rule Libya 1997 only - Apr 4 0:00 1:00 S
508 Rule Libya 1997 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
521 1:00 Libya CE%sT 2013 Oct 25 2:00
522 2:00 - EET
523
524 # Madagascar
525 # See Africa/Nairobi.
526
527 # Malawi
528 # See Africa/Maputo.
529
530 # Mali
531 # Mauritania
532 # See Africa/Abidjan.
533
534 # Mauritius
535
536 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
537 # Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
538 # basis....
539 # It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
540 # 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
541 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
542
543 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
544 # http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
545
546 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
547 # The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
548 # final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
549 # would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.
550
551 # From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
552 # Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.
553
554 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
555 # According to
556 # http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
557 # (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
558 # than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31). The new start
559 # date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
560 # given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
561 #
589 # last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
590 # the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
591 # year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
592 # and end on 29 March 2009.
593
594 # From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
595 # THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
596 # beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
597 # morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
598 # http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
599
600 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
601 # According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
602 # DST the coming summer...
603 #
604 # Some sources, in French:
605 # http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
606 # http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
607 #
608 # Our wrap-up:
609 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
610
611 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
612 # The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
613 # "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
614 # at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
615
616 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
617 Rule Mauritius 1982 only - Oct 10 0:00 1:00 S
618 Rule Mauritius 1983 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 -
619 Rule Mauritius 2008 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
620 Rule Mauritius 2009 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
621 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
622 Zone Indian/Mauritius 3:50:00 - LMT 1907 # Port Louis
623 4:00 Mauritius +04/+05
624 # Agalega Is, Rodriguez
625 # no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
626
627 # Mayotte
628 # See Africa/Nairobi.
629
630 # Morocco
631 # See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
632
633 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
634 # Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
635 # 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
636 #
637 # "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
638 # be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
639 # Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
640 #
641 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
642 # http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
643
644 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
645 # The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
646 # Presse:
647 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
648 #
649 # Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
650 # spokesman.
651
652 # From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
653 # According to this article:
654 # https://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
655 # (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>)
656 # the changes occur at midnight:
657 #
658 # Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
659 # interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
660 # Sunday night the 28th at midnight
661 #
662 # Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
663 # the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
664 # Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
665 # June 1st to Sept 27th.
666 #
667 # The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
668 # published on the web.
669 #
670 # It's also confirmed here:
671 # http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
672 # on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
673 # posted in English).
674 #
675 # The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
676 # https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
677
678 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
679 # Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
680 # and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
681 # of September:
682 #
683 # One article about it (in French):
684 # http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
685 #
686 # We have some further details posted here:
687 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
688
689 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
690 # Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
691 # to many sources, such as
692 # http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
693 # http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
694 # (French)
695 #
696 # Our summary:
697 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
698
699 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
700 # Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
701 # Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
702 #
703 # Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
704 # concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
705 # Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
706 # advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
707 #
708 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
709 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
710
711 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
712 # Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
713 # of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
714 # 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
715 #
716 # Example:
717 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
718 # (French)
719 # Our page:
720 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
721
722 # From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
723 # ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
724 # The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
725 # The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
726 # ...Official links of change in morocco
727 # The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
728 # I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
729 # +212.537.71.84.00
730 # http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
731 # They said that
732 # http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
733 # is the official publication to look at.
734 # They said that the decision was already taken.
735 #
736 # More articles in the press
737 # https://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
738 # http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
739 # http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
740
741 # From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
742 # They have it written in English here:
743 # http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
744 #
745 # It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
746 # 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
747 # wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
748 # also been like that in the past.
749
750 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
751 # According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
752 # on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
753 # Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
754 # http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
755 # Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
756 # the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
757 # last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
809 # Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
810 # http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
811
812 # From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
813 # http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
814
815 # From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
816 # The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
817 # to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time.... DST
818 # will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
819 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
820
821 # From Milamber (2015-06-08):
822 # (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
823 # Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
824 # that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
825 # 2015 at 2:00. The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
826 # 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
827 # 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
828 # Source (french):
829 # https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
830 #
831 # From Milamber (2015-06-09):
832 # http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
833 #
834 # From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
835 # [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
836 # from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
837 # I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
838 # <https://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
839 # with the patch.
840
841 # From Paul Eggert (2015-06-08):
842 # For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use 2015's rules,
843 # and guess that Morocco will switch to standard time at 03:00 the last
844 # Sunday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Sunday after
845 # Ramadan. To implement this, transition dates for 2016 through 2037 were
846 # determined by running the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the
847 # results integrated by hand into the table below.
848 # (let ((islamic-year 1437))
849 # (require 'cal-islam)
850 # (while (< islamic-year 1460)
851 # (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
852 # (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
853 # (sunday 0))
854 # (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
855 # (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
856 # (setq b (1+ b)))
857 # (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
858 # (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
943 0:00 Morocco WE%sT
944
945 # Mozambique
946 #
947 # Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
948 # Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
949 # https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
950 # merely made it official?
951 #
952 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
953 Zone Africa/Maputo 2:10:20 - LMT 1903 Mar
954 2:00 - CAT
955 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre # Malawi
956 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura # Burundi
957 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone # Botswana
958 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare # Zimbabwe
959 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali # Rwanda
960 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi # E Dem. Rep. of Congo
961 Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka # Zambia
962
963
964 # Namibia
965
966 # From Arthur David Olson (2017-08-09):
967 # The text of the "Namibia Time Act, 1994" is available online at
968 # www.lac.org.na/laws/1994/811.pdf
969 # and includes this nugget:
970 # Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (2) of section 1, the
971 # first winter period after the commencement of this Act shall
972 # commence at OOhOO on Monday 21 March 1994 and shall end at 02h00 on
973 # Sunday 4 September 1994.
974
975 # From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
976 # http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
977 # While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
978 # settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
979 # rises and sets earlier compared to other regions. Chief of
980 # Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
981 # the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
982 # of the country.
983 #
984 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-22):
985 # Although the Zambezi Region (formerly known as Caprivi) informally
986 # observes Botswana time, we have no details about historical practice.
987 # In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
988 # See: Immanuel S. The Namibian. 2017-02-23.
989 # https://www.namibian.com.na/51480/read/Time-change-divides-lawmakers
990
991 # From Steffen Thorsen (2017-08-09):
992 # Namibia is going to change their time zone to what is now their DST:
993 # https://www.newera.com.na/2017/02/23/namibias-winter-time-might-be-repealed/
994 # This video is from the government decision:
995 # https://www.nbc.na/news/na-passes-namibia-time-bill-repealing-1994-namibia-time-act.8665
996 # We have made the assumption so far that they will change their time zone at
997 # the same time they would normally start DST, the first Sunday in September:
998 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/namibia-new-time-zone.html
999
1000 # RULE NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1001 Rule Namibia 1994 only - Mar 21 0:00 0 -
1002 Rule Namibia 1994 2016 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1003 Rule Namibia 1995 2017 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
1004 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1005 Zone Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
1006 1:30 - +0130 1903 Mar
1007 2:00 - SAST 1942 Sep 20 2:00
1008 2:00 1:00 SAST 1943 Mar 21 2:00
1009 2:00 - SAST 1990 Mar 21 # independence
1010 2:00 - CAT 1994 Mar 21 0:00
1011 1:00 Namibia WA%sT 2017 Sep 3 2:00
1012 2:00 - CAT
1013
1014 # Niger
1015 # See Africa/Lagos.
1016
1017 # Nigeria
1018 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1019 Zone Africa/Lagos 0:13:36 - LMT 1919 Sep
1020 1:00 - WAT
1021 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui # Central African Republic
1022 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
1023 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala # Cameroon
1024 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
1025 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville # Gabon
1026 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda # Angola
1027 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo # Equatorial Guinea
1028 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey # Niger
1029 Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo # Benin
1030
1031 # Réunion
1032 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1079
1080 # Somalia
1081 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1082
1083 # South Africa
1084 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1085 Rule SA 1942 1943 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 -
1086 Rule SA 1943 1944 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1087 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1088 Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
1089 1:30 - SAST 1903 Mar
1090 2:00 SA SAST
1091 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru # Lesotho
1092 Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane # Swaziland
1093 #
1094 # Marion and Prince Edward Is
1095 # scientific station since 1947
1096 # no information
1097
1098 # Sudan
1099
1100 # From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html>
1101 # Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
1102 # also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
1103 # Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
1104 # Saturday.... This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
1105 # Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
1106
1107 # From Ahmed Atyya, National Telecommunications Corp. (NTC), Sudan (2017-10-17):
1108 # ... the Republic of Sudan is going to change the time zone from (GMT+3:00)
1109 # to (GMT+ 2:00) starting from Wednesday 1 November 2017.
1110 #
1111 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1112 # A scanned copy (in Arabic) of Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the
1113 # year 2017 can be found as an attachment in email today from Yahia
1114 # Abdalla of NTC, archived at:
1115 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2017-October/025333.html
1116
1117 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1118 Rule Sudan 1970 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1119 Rule Sudan 1970 1985 - Oct 15 0:00 0 -
1120 Rule Sudan 1971 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1121 Rule Sudan 1972 1985 - Apr lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1122 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1123 Zone Africa/Khartoum 2:10:08 - LMT 1931
1124 2:00 Sudan CA%sT 2000 Jan 15 12:00
1125 3:00 - EAT 2017 Nov 1
1126 2:00 - CAT
1127
1128 # South Sudan
1129 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1130 Zone Africa/Juba 2:06:28 - LMT 1931
1131 2:00 Sudan CA%sT 2000 Jan 15 12:00
1132 3:00 - EAT
1133
1134 # Swaziland
1135 # See Africa/Johannesburg.
1136
1137 # Tanzania
1138 # See Africa/Nairobi.
1139
1140 # Togo
1141 # See Africa/Abidjan.
1142
1143 # Tunisia
1144
1145 # From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
1146 # My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
1147 # this time in Tunisia. According to Yahoo France News
1148 # <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed to AP
1149 # and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
1150 # one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1. Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
1151 # UTC+2 instead of UTC+1. The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
1152 # Saturday." (My translation)
1153 #
1154 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
1155 # La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
1156 # http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
1157 # ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
1158 # 1h standard time.
1159 #
1160 # From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
1161 # The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
1162 # Beginning : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1163 # Ending : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
1164 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50
1165
1166 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
1167 # According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
1168 # (Arabic)
1169 # http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
1170 # https://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
1171 #
1172 # We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
1173 # We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
1174 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
1175
1176 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
1177 # Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
1178 #
1179 # Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
1180 #
1181 # (in English)
1182 # http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
1183 #
1184 # (in Arabic)
1185 # http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
1186
1187 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
1188 # The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
1189 # due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
1190 # concerned by summer time. Therefore, the standard time will be kept
1191 # unchanged the whole year long." So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
1192 # (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
1193
1194 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
|