299 #
300 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
301 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
302 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
303
304 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
305 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
306 # amendments:
307 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
308
309 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
310 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
311 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
312 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
313 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
314 #
315 # Official source:
316 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
317 #
318 # A bit more background info here:
319 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
320
321 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
322 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
323 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
324 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
325 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
326 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
327 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
328
329 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
330 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
331 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
332 #
333 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
334 # which says
335 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
336 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
337 # 2am on February 26 next year.
338
339 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
363 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
364 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
365
366 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
367 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
368 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
369
370 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
371 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
372 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
373 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
374 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
375 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
376
377 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
378 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
379 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
380 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
381 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
382
383 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-03):
384 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
385 # 03:00 the third Sunday in January. Although ad hoc, it matches
386 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
387 # practice than guessing no DST.
388
389 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
390 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
391 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
392 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
393 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
394 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
395 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
396 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
397 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
398 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
399 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
400 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
401 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
402 12:00 Fiji +12/+13
403
404 # French Polynesia
405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
407 -9:00 - -09
408 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
409 -9:30 - -0930
410 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
411 -10:00 - -10
412 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
413 # it is uninhabited.
414
415 # Guam
416 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
417 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
418 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
419 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
563 # Palau (Belau)
564 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
565 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
566 9:00 - +09
567
568 # Papua New Guinea
569 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
570 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
571 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
572 10:00 - +10
573 #
574 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
575 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
576 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
577 #
578 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
579 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
580 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
581 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
582 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
583 # http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
584 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
585 #
586 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
587 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
588 # See:
589 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
590 #
591 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
592 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
593 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul
594 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
595 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
596 11:00 - +11
597
598 # Pitcairn
599 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
600 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
601 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
602 -8:00 - -08
603
604 # American Samoa
605 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
606 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
607 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
608 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
609
610 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
611
612 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
613 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
614 # the following info:
615 #
616 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
617 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
618 # Sunday of April 2011."
619 #
620 # Background info:
621 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
622 #
623 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
624 # contain any dates:
625 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
626
627 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
628 # Please see
629 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
630 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
631 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
632 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
633 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
634
635 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
636 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
637 #
638 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
639 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
640 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
641 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
665 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
666 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
667 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
668 #
669 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
670 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
671 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
672 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
673 #
674 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
675 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
676 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
677
678 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
679 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
680 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
681 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
682 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
683 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
684 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
685 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
686 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
687 -11:30 - -1130 1950
688 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
689 13:00 WS +13/+14
690
691 # Solomon Is
692 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
693 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
694 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
695 11:00 - +11
696
697 # Tokelau
698 #
699 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
700 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
701 # December 31 this year ...
702 #
703 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
704 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
705 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
706 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
707 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
708 #
709 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
710 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
711 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
712 # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
713 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
714 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
715
716 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
717 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
718 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
719 13:00 - +13
720
721 # Tonga
722 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
723 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
724 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
725 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
726 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
727 Rule Tonga 2016 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
728 Rule Tonga 2017 max - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
729 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
730 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
731 12:20 - +1220 1941
732 13:00 - +13 1999
733 13:00 Tonga +13/+14
734
735 # Tuvalu
736 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
737 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
738 12:00 - +12
739
740
741 # US minor outlying islands
742
743 # Howland, Baker
744 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
745 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
746 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
747 # uninhabited thereafter.
748 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
762 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
763 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
764 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
765 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
766 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
767 #
768 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
769 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
770 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
771 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
772 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
773 #
774 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
775 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
776 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
777 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
778 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
779 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
780 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
781 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
782 # http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
783 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
784 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
785 # Minus One Hour".
786
787 # Kingman
788 # uninhabited
789
790 # Midway
791 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
792
793 # Palmyra
794 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
795
796 # Wake
797 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
798 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
799 12:00 - +12
800
801
802 # Vanuatu
828 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
829 #
830 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
831 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
832 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
833 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
834 #
835 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
836 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
837 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
838 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
839 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
840 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
841 #
842 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
843 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
844 # I found in the UCLA library.
845 #
846 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
847 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
848 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
849 #
850 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
851 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
852 #
853 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
854 # Corrections are welcome!
855 # std dst
856 # LMT Local Mean Time
857 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
858 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
859 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
860 # 10:00 GST Guam through 2000
861 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
862 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
863 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
864 # -11:00 SST Samoa
865 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
866 #
867 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
868 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
975 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
976 #
977 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
978 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
979 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
980 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
981 #
982 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
983 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
984 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
985 #
986 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
987 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
988 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
989 #
990 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
991 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
992 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
993 #
994 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
995 # http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
996 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
997 #
998 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
999 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
1000 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
1001 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
1002 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
1003 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
1004 #
1005 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
1006 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
1007 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
1008 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
1009 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
1010 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
1011 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
1012 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
1013 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
1014
1015 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1016 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1017 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1018 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1019 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1020 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1021 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1022
1023 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1024 #
1025 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1026 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1027 # relevant entries in this database.
1028 #
1029 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1030 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1031 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1032 # ACT
1033 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1034 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1035 # SA
1036 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1037 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1038
1039 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1040 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1041 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1042 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1043 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1044 #
1045 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1046 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1047 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1048 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1049 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1050 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1051 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1052 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1053 # allude to it.
1054 # But not Queensland
1055 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1056
1057 # Northern Territory
1312 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1313 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1314
1315 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1316 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1317 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1318 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1319 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1320
1321 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1322 # See the following official NSW source:
1323 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1324 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1325 #
1326 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1327 # daylight saving next year. See:
1328 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1329 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1330 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1331 #
1332 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1333 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1334 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1335 #
1336 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1337 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1338 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1339 #
1340 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1341 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1342 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1343 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1344 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1345 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1346 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1347 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1348 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1349 #
1350 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1351 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1352 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1415
1416 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1417 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1418
1419 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1420 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1421 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1422 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1423 #
1424 # From
1425 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1426 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1427 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1428 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1429 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1430 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1431 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1432 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1433 #
1434 # We have a wrap-up here:
1435 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1436 ###############################################################################
1437
1438 # New Zealand
1439
1440 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1441 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1442 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1443 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1444 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1445
1446 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1447 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1448 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1449 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1450 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1451 # ...
1452 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1453 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1454 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1455 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1469 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1470 #
1471 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1472 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1473 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1474 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1475 #
1476 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1477 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1478 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1479
1480 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1481 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1482 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1483 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1484 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1485
1486 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1487 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1488 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1489 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1490 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1491 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1492 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1493 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1494 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1495 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1496 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1497 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1498
1499 ###############################################################################
1500
1501
1502 # Fiji
1503
1504 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1505 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1506 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1507
1508 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1509 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1584 # air at 6am your time.
1585 #
1586 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1587 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1588 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1589 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1590
1591 # Norfolk
1592
1593 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1594 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1595 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1596 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1597 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1598
1599 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1600 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1601 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1602 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1603 # other than in 1974/5. See:
1604 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1605
1606 # Pitcairn
1607
1608 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1609 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1610 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1611 #
1612 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1613 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1614 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1615 #
1616 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1617 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1618 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1619
1620 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1621 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1622 # ... at midnight.
1623
1624 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1625 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1626 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1627 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1628
1629
1630 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1631
1632 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1633 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1634 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1635 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1636 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1637
1638 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1639 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1640 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1641 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1642 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1643 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1644 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1645 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1646
1647 # Tonga
1648
1649 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1650 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1651 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1652 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1653
1654 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1655 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1656 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1657 #
1658 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1659 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1660 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1661 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1662 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1663 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1664 #
1665 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1666 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1721 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1722
1723 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1724 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1725 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1726 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1727 # hour to 1:00am.
1728
1729 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
1730 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1731
1732 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
1733 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
1734 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
1735 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
1736 #
1737 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
1738 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
1739 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
1740
1741 # Wake
1742
1743 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1744 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1745 #
1746 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1747 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1748 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1749 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1750 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1751 # impossible.
1752 #
1753 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1754
1755 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1756 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1757
1758 ###############################################################################
1759
1760 # The International Date Line
1761
1762 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1763 #
1764 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1765 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1766 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1767 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1768 #
1769 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1770 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1771 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1772 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1773 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1774 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1775 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1776 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1777 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1778 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1779 # correct date is ambiguous.
1780
1781 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1782 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1783 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1784 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1785 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1786 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1787 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1788 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1789 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1790 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1791 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1792 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1793 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1794
1795 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1796 # (2005-03-20):
1797 #
1798 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1799 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1800 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1801 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
|
299 #
300 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
301 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
302 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
303
304 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
305 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
306 # amendments:
307 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
308
309 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
310 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
311 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
312 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
313 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
314 #
315 # Official source:
316 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
317 #
318 # A bit more background info here:
319 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
320
321 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
322 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
323 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
324 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
325 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
326 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
327 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
328
329 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
330 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
331 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
332 #
333 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
334 # which says
335 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
336 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
337 # 2am on February 26 next year.
338
339 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
363 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
364 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
365
366 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
367 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
368 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
369
370 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
371 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
372 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
373 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
374 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
375 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
376
377 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
378 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
379 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
380 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
381 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
382
383 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
384 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
385 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
386 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
387 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00
388 # the first Sunday on or after January 14. Although ad hoc, it matches
389 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
390 # practice than guessing no DST.
391
392 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
393 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
394 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
395 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
396 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
397 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
398 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
399 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
400 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
401 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
402 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=14 3:00 0 -
403 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
404 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
405 12:00 Fiji +12/+13
406
407 # French Polynesia
408 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
409 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
410 -9:00 - -09
411 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
412 -9:30 - -0930
413 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
414 -10:00 - -10
415 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
416 # it is uninhabited.
417
418 # Guam
419 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
420 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
421 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
422 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
566 # Palau (Belau)
567 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
568 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
569 9:00 - +09
570
571 # Papua New Guinea
572 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
573 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
574 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
575 10:00 - +10
576 #
577 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
578 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
579 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
580 #
581 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
582 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
583 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
584 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
585 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
586 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
587 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
588 #
589 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
590 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
591 # See:
592 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
593 #
594 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
595 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
596 10:00 - +10 1942 Jul
597 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
598 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
599 11:00 - +11
600
601 # Pitcairn
602 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
603 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
604 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
605 -8:00 - -08
606
607 # American Samoa
608 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
609 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
610 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
611 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
612
613 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
614
615 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
616 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
617 # the following info:
618 #
619 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
620 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
621 # Sunday of April 2011."
622 #
623 # Background info:
624 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
625 #
626 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
627 # contain any dates:
628 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
629
630 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
631 # Please see
632 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
633 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
634 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
635 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
636 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
637
638 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
639 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
640 #
641 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
642 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
643 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
644 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
668 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
669 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
670 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
671 #
672 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
673 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
674 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
675 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
676 #
677 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
678 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
679 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
680
681 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
682 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
683 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
684 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
685 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
686 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
687 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
688 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
689 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
690 -11:30 - -1130 1950
691 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
692 13:00 WS +13/+14
693
694 # Solomon Is
695 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
696 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
697 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
698 11:00 - +11
699
700 # Tokelau
701 #
702 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
703 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
704 # December 31 this year ...
705 #
706 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
707 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
708 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
709 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
710 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
711 #
712 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
713 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
714 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
715 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
716 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
717 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
718
719 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
720 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
721 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
722 13:00 - +13
723
724 # Tonga
725 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
726 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
727 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
728 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
729 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
730 Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
731 Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
732 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
733 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
734 12:20 - +1220 1941
735 13:00 - +13 1999
736 13:00 Tonga +13/+14
737
738 # Tuvalu
739 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
740 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
741 12:00 - +12
742
743
744 # US minor outlying islands
745
746 # Howland, Baker
747 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
748 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
749 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
750 # uninhabited thereafter.
751 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
765 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
766 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
767 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
768 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
769 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
770 #
771 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
772 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
773 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
774 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
775 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
776 #
777 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
778 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
779 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
780 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
781 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
782 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
783 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
784 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
785 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
786 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
787 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
788 # Minus One Hour".
789
790 # Kingman
791 # uninhabited
792
793 # Midway
794 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
795
796 # Palmyra
797 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
798
799 # Wake
800 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
801 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
802 12:00 - +12
803
804
805 # Vanuatu
831 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
832 #
833 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
834 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
835 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
836 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
837 #
838 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
839 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
840 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
841 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
842 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
843 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
844 #
845 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
846 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
847 # I found in the UCLA library.
848 #
849 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
850 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
851 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
852 #
853 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
854 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
855 #
856 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
857 # Corrections are welcome!
858 # std dst
859 # LMT Local Mean Time
860 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
861 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
862 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
863 # 10:00 GST Guam through 2000
864 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
865 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
866 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
867 # -11:00 SST Samoa
868 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
869 #
870 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
871 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
978 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
979 #
980 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
981 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
982 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
983 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
984 #
985 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
986 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
987 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
988 #
989 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
990 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
991 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
992 #
993 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
994 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
995 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
996 #
997 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
998 # https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
999 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
1000 #
1001 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
1002 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
1003 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
1004 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
1005 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
1006 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
1007 #
1008 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
1009 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
1010 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
1011 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
1012 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
1013 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
1014 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
1015 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
1016 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
1017
1018 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1019 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1020 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1021 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1022 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1023 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1024 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1025
1026 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1027 #
1028 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1029 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1030 # relevant entries in this database.
1031 #
1032 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1033 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1034 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1035 # ACT
1036 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1037 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1038 # SA
1039 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1040 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1041
1042 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1043 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1044 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1045 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1046 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1047 #
1048 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1049 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1050 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1051 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1052 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1053 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1054 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1055 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1056 # allude to it.
1057 # But not Queensland
1058 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1059
1060 # Northern Territory
1315 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1316 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1317
1318 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1319 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1320 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1321 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1322 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1323
1324 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1325 # See the following official NSW source:
1326 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1327 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1328 #
1329 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1330 # daylight saving next year. See:
1331 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1332 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1333 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1334 #
1335 # Victoria will follow NSW. See:
1336 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1337 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1338 #
1339 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1340 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1341 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1342 #
1343 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1344 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1345 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1346 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1347 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1348 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1349 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1350 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1351 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1352 #
1353 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1354 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1355 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1418
1419 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1420 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1421
1422 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1423 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1424 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1425 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1426 #
1427 # From
1428 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1429 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1430 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1431 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1432 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1433 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1434 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1435 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1436 #
1437 # We have a wrap-up here:
1438 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1439 ###############################################################################
1440
1441 # New Zealand
1442
1443 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1444 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1445 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1446 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1447 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1448
1449 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1450 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1451 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1452 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1453 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1454 # ...
1455 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1456 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1457 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1458 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1472 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1473 #
1474 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1475 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1476 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1477 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1478 #
1479 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1480 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1481 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1482
1483 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1484 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1485 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1486 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1487 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1488
1489 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1490 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1491 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1492 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1493 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1494 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1495 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1496 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1497 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1498 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1499 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1500 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1501
1502 ###############################################################################
1503
1504
1505 # Fiji
1506
1507 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1508 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1509 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1510
1511 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1512 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1587 # air at 6am your time.
1588 #
1589 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1590 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1591 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1592 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1593
1594 # Norfolk
1595
1596 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1597 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1598 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1599 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1600 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1601
1602 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1603 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1604 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1605 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1606 # other than in 1974/5. See:
1607 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1608
1609 # Pitcairn
1610
1611 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1612 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1613 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1614 #
1615 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1616 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1617 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1618 #
1619 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1620 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1621 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1622
1623 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1624 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1625 # ... at midnight.
1626
1627 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1628 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1629 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1630 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1631
1632
1633 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1634
1635 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
1636 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
1637 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1638 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1639 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1640 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
1641 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
1642
1643 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1644 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1645 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1646 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1647 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1648 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1649 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1650 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1651
1652
1653 # Tonga
1654
1655 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1656 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1657 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1658 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1659
1660 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1661 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1662 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1663 #
1664 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1665 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1666 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1667 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1668 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1669 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1670 #
1671 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1672 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1727 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1728
1729 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1730 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1731 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1732 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1733 # hour to 1:00am.
1734
1735 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
1736 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1737
1738 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
1739 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
1740 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
1741 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
1742 #
1743 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
1744 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
1745 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
1746
1747 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
1748 # In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister
1749 # continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few
1750 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
1751 #
1752 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1753 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing.
1754
1755
1756 # Wake
1757
1758 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1759 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1760 #
1761 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1762 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1763 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1764 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1765 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1766 # impossible.
1767 #
1768 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
1769
1770 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1771 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1772
1773 ###############################################################################
1774
1775 # The International Date Line
1776
1777 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1778 #
1779 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1780 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1781 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1782 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1783 #
1784 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1785 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1786 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1787 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1788 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1789 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1790 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1791 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1792 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1793 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1794 # correct date is ambiguous.
1795
1796 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1797 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1798 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1799 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1800 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1801 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1802 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1803 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1804 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1805 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1806 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1807 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1808 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1809
1810 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1811 # (2005-03-20):
1812 #
1813 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1814 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1815 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1816 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
|