43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
47 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
48 #
49 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
50 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
51 #
52 # Other sources occasionally used include:
53 #
54 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
55 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
56 # which I found in the UCLA library.
57 #
58 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
59 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
60 # [PDF] (1914-03)
61 #
62 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
63 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
64 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
65 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
66 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
67 #
68 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
69 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
70 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
71 # The full Russian citation is:
72 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
73 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
74 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
75 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
76 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
77 #
78 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
79 # History of Summer Time
80 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
81 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
82 #
83 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
84 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
85 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
86 # std dst 2dst
87 # LMT Local Mean Time
88 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
89 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
90 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
193 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
194 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
195 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
196 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
197 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
198 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
199 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
200 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
201 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
202 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
203 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
204
205 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
206 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
207 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
208 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
209 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
210 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
211 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
212 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
213 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
214
215 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
216 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
217 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
218 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
219 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
220 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
221 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
222 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
223
224 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
225 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
226 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
227
228 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
229 # From: Jonathan Leffler
230 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
231 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
232 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
233
234 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
235 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
236 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
237 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
238 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
239
240 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
241 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
242 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
243 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
244
245 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
246 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
247 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
248 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
249 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
250 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
251 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
252 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
253
254 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
255 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
256 # which is to be introduced in May....
257 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
258 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
259
260 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
261 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
262 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
263 # so we use 'BDST'.
264
265 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
266 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
267 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
268 # and extending this list, which can be found in
269 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
270
271 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
272 #
273 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
274 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
275 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
276 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
277
278 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
279 #
280 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
281 #
282 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
283 # are incorrect:
284 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
285 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
286 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
287 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
288 # It actually just had one transition.
289 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
290 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
291 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
292 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
293 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
294 #
295 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
301 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
302 # we'll ignore it for now.
303 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
304 #
305 #
306 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
307 # Shanks & Pottenger.
308 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
309 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
310 # to London. For example:
311 #
312 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
313 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
314
315 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
316 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
317 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
318 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
319 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
320 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
321 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
322
323 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
324 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
325 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
326 #
327 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
328 #
329 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
330 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
331 #
332 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
333 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
334 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
335 #
336 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
337 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
338 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
339 #
340 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
341 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
354 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
355 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
356 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
357 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
358 # and Frethun run in CT.
359 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
360 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
361 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
362 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
363 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
364 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
365
366 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
367 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
368 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
369 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
370 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
371 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
372 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
373
374 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
375 # Summer Time Act, 1916
376 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
377 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
378 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
379 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
381 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
382 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
384 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
385 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
388 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
390 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
391 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
392 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
478 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
479 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
480 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
481 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
482 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
483 #
484 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
485
486 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
487 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
488 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
489 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
490 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
491 0:00 EU GMT/BST
492 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
493 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
494 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
495
496 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
497 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
498 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
499 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
500 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
501 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
502 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
503 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
504 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
505 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
506 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
507 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
508 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
509 0:00 EU GMT/IST
510
511 ###############################################################################
512
513 # Europe
514
515 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
516 # Common Market, etc.
517
518 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
519 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
520 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
521 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
522 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
523 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
524 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
525 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
631 #
632 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
633 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
634 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
635 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
636 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
637 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
638 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
639 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
640 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
641 #
642 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
643 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
644
645 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
646 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
647 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
648 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
649 #
650 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
651 # title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
652 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
653 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
654 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
655 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
656 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
657 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
658 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
659 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
660 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
661 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
662 # rules (Moscow time)
663 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
664
665 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
666 # Unamended version of the act of the
667 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
668 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
669 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
670 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
671 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
672
673 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
674 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
675 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
676 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
677 #
678 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
679 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
680 #
681 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
682 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
683
684 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
685 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
686 # to be standard.
687
688 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
689
690 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
691 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
692 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
693 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
694 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
695
696 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
697 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
698
699 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
700 # The official German names ... are
701 #
702 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
789 1:00 - CET 1946
790 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
791 1:00 EU CE%sT
792
793 # Belarus
794 #
795 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
796 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
797 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
798 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
799 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
800 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
801 #
802 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
803 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
804 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
805 #
806 # Sources (Russian language):
807 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
808 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
809 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
810 #
811 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
812 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
813 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
814 #
815 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
816 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
817 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
818 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
819 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
820 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
821 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
822 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
823 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
824 3:00 - +03
825
826 # Belgium
827 #
828 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
829 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
1110 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1111 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1112 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1113 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1114 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1115 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1116 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1117 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1118 # summer time next spring."
1119
1120 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1121 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1122 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1123 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1124 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1125 #
1126 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1127 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1128 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1129
1130 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1131 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1132 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1133 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1134 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1135 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1136 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1137 # after that.
1138
1139 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1140 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1141 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1142 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1143
1144 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1145 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1146 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1147 #
1148 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1149 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1150
1162 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1163 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1164 2:00 EU EE%sT
1165
1166 # Finland
1167
1168 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1169 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1170 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1171
1172 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1173 #
1174 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1175 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1176 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1177 # according to the central European standards.
1178 #
1179 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1180 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1181 # Finnish) at
1182 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1183 #
1184 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1185 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1186 #
1187 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1188 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1189 #
1190 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1191 # exist tonight."
1192
1193 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1194 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1195 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1196 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1197 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1198 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1199 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1200 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1201 #
1202 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1203 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1204
1205 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1206 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1207 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1208 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1209 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1210
1211 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1212 # round to nearest.
1213
1214 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1215 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1305 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1306 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1307 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1308 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1309 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1310 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1311 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1312 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1313 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1314 1:00 EU CE%sT
1315
1316 # Germany
1317
1318 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1319 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1320 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1321 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1322
1323 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1324 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1325 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1326 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1327
1328 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1329 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1330 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1331 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1332 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1333
1334
1335 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1336 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1337 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1338 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1339 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1340 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1341 # Go with the PTB.
1342 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1344 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1345 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1530 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1531 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1532 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1533 # (2016-10-24):
1534 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1535 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1536 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1537 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1538 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1539 #
1540 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1541 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1542 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1543 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1544 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1545 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1546 #
1547 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1548 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1549 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1550 # Model Rome's occupation by using using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1551 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1552 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1553 #
1554 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1555 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1556 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1557 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1558 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1559 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1560 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1561 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1562 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1563 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1564 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1565 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1566 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1567 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1568 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1569 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1570 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1845 # News (in Russian):
1846 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1847 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1848 #
1849 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1850 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1851 #
1852 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1853 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1854 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1855 #
1856 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1857 #
1858 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1859 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1860 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1861 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1862 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1863 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1864 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1865 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1866
1867 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1868 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1869 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1870 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1871 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1872 # http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1873 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1874 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1875
1876 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1877 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1878 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1879
1880 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1881 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1882 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1883 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1884 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1885 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1886 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1887 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1888 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1889 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1890 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1891 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1892
1924 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1925 #
1926 # (2001-04-09):
1927 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1928 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1929 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1930 # actually followed.
1931 #
1932 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1933 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1934 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1935 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1936 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1937 #
1938 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1939 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1940 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1941 # Amsterdam mean time.
1942
1943 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1944 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1945
1946 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1947 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1948 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1949 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1950 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1951 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1952 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1953 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1954 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1955 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1956 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1957 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1958 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1959 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1960 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1961 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1962 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1963 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1964 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2005 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2006 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2007 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2008 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2009 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2010 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2011 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2012 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2013 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2014 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2015 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2016 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2017 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2018
2019 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2020 #
2021 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2022 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2023 # keeping Berlin time.
2024 #
2025 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2026 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2027 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2028 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2029 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2030 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2031 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2032 #
2033 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2034 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2035 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2036 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2037 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2038 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2039 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2040 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2041 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2042 #
2043 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2044 # for these regions.
2045 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2046
2047 # Poland
2048
2049 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2050 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2051
2052 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2053 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2054 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2055 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2056 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2057 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2058 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2059 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2060 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2061 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2062 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2063 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2064 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2065 # He also gives these further references:
2066 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2067 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2068 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2069 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2070 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2071 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2072 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2073 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2074 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2075 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2076 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2077 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2078 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2079 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2080 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2081 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2082 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2083 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2084 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2085 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2086 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2087 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2088 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2089 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2090 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2091 1:00 EU CE%sT
2092
2093 # Portugal
2094 #
2095 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2096 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2097 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2098 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2099 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2100 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2101 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2102 #
2103 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2104 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2105 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2106 #
2107 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2108 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2109 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2110 #
2111 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2112 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2113 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2114 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2115 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2116 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2117 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2259 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2260 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2261 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2262 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2263
2264 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2265 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2266 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2267 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2268
2269 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2270 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2271 # changed in September 2011:
2272 #
2273 # One source is
2274 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2275 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2276 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2277 #
2278 # Another source is
2279 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2280 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2281 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2282 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2283 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2284 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2285 #
2286 # Another source is
2287 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2288 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2289 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2290 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2291 #
2292 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2293 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2294 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2295 #
2296 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2297 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2298 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2299 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2300 # Conradi notes).
2301 #
2302 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2303 #
2304 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2305
2306 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2307 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2308 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2309 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2310 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2311 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2312 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2313 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2314 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2315 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2316 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2317 #
2318 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2319 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2320 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2321 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2322 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2323 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2324 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2325
2326 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2327 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2328 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2329 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2330 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2331 #
2332 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2333 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2334 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2335 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2336 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2337 #
2338 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2339 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2340 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2341 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2342 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2343 #
2350 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2351 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2352 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2353 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2354 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2355 #
2356 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2357 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2358 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2359 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2360 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2361 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2362 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2363 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2364
2365 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2366 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2367 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2368 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2369 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2370 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2371 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2372 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2373 # divisions where available.
2374
2375 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2376
2377
2378 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2379 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2380 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2381
2382 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2383 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2384
2385 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2386 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2387 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2388 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2389 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2390 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2515 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2516 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2517 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2518 #
2519 # ...
2520 #
2521 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2522 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2523 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2524 #
2525 # There were some exceptions, though.
2526 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2527 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2528 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2529 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2530 #
2531 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2532 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2533 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2534 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2535 # http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2536 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2537 # 2 days before the switch.
2538 #
2539 #
2540 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2541 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2542 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2543 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2544 # time in Moscow.
2545
2546 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2547 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2548 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2549 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2550 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2551 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2552 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2553 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2554 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2555 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2587 2:00 - EET 1992
2588 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2589 #
2590 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2591 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2592 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2593 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2594 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2595 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2596 # changed in May.
2597 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2598 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2599 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2600 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2601 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2602 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2603 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2604 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2605 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2606 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2607 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2608 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2609 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2610 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2611 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2612 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2613 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2614 3:00 - MSK
2615
2616
2617 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2618 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2619 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2620 #
2621 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2622
2623 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2624 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2625 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2626 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2627 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2770 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2771 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2772 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2773 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2774 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2775 6:00 - +06
2776
2777 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2778 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2779 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2780 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2781
2782 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2783
2784 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2785 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2786 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2787 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2788 # 1995-05-28.
2789 #
2790 # http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2791 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2792 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2793 # after 1957: UTC+7
2794 # since 1995: UTC+6
2795 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2796 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2797
2798 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2799 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2800 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2801 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2802 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2803 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2804 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2805 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2806
2807 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2808 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2809 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2810 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3144 #
3145 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3146 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3147
3148 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3149 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3150 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3151 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3152 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3153 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3154
3155 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3156 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3157 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3158 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3159 #
3160 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3161 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3162 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3163 # each! (Yikes!)
3164 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3165 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3166 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3167 #
3168 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3169 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3170 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3171 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3172 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3173 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3174 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3175 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3176
3177 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3178 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3179 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3180 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3181 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3182 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3183 11:00 - +11
3184
3185
3466 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3467 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3468 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3469 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3470 #
3471 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3472 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3473 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3474 #
3475 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3476 #
3477 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3478 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3479 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3480 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3481 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3482 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3483 #
3484 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3485 # The Federal regulations say
3486 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3487 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3488 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3489
3490 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3491 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3492 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3493 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3494 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3495 # hour before the beginning of service.
3496
3497 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3498 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3499 #
3500 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3501 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3502 #
3503 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3504 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3505 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3506 #
3543 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3544 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3545 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3546 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3547 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3548
3549 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3550 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3551 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3552 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3553 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3554 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3555 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3556 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3557 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3558
3559 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3560 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3561 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3562 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3563 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3564 # Turkish:
3565 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3566
3567 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3568 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3569 # Turkish Local election....
3570 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3571 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3572 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3573 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3574 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3575 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3576 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3577 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3578 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3579 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3580 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3581 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3582
3583 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3584 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3585 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3681 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3682 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3683 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3684 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3685 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3686
3687 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3688 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3689 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3690 #
3691 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3692 # approval from 266 deputies.
3693 #
3694 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3695 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3696 #
3697 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3698 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3699 #
3700 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3701 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3702 #
3703 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3704 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3705 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3706 # time this year after all.
3707 #
3708 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3709 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3710 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3711 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3712 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3713 #
3714 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3715 # The law documents themselves are at
3716 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3717
3718 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3719 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3720 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3721 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
|
43 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
45 #
46 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
47 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
48 #
49 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
50 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
51 #
52 # Other sources occasionally used include:
53 #
54 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
55 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
56 # which I found in the UCLA library.
57 #
58 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
59 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
60 # [PDF] (1914-03)
61 #
62 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
63 # <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
64 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
65 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
66 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
67 #
68 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
69 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
70 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
71 # The full Russian citation is:
72 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
73 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
74 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
75 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
76 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
77 #
78 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
79 # History of Summer Time
80 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
81 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
82 #
83 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
84 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
85 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
86 # std dst 2dst
87 # LMT Local Mean Time
88 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
89 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
90 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
193 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
194 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
195 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
196 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
197 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
198 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
199 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
200 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
201 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
202 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
203 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
204
205 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
206 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
207 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
208 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
209 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
210 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
211 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
212 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
213 # https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
214
215 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
216 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
217 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
218 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
219 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
220 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
221 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
222 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
223
224 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
225 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
226 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
227
228 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
229 # From: Jonathan Leffler
230 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
231 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
232 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
233
234 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
235 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
236 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
237 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
238 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
239
240 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
241 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
242 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
243 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
244
245 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
246 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
247 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
248 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
249 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
250 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
251 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
252 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
253
254 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
255 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
256 # which is to be introduced in May....
257 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
258 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
259
260 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
261 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
262 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
263 # so we use 'BDST'.
264
265 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
266 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
267 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
268 # and extending this list, which can be found in
269 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
270
271 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
272 #
273 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
274 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
275 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
276 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
277
278 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
279 #
280 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
281 #
282 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
283 # are incorrect:
284 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
285 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
286 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
287 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
288 # It actually just had one transition.
289 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
290 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
291 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
292 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
293 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
294 #
295 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
301 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
302 # we'll ignore it for now.
303 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
304 #
305 #
306 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
307 # Shanks & Pottenger.
308 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
309 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
310 # to London. For example:
311 #
312 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
313 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
314
315 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
316 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
317 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
318 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
319 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
320 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
321 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
322
323 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
324 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
325 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
326 #
327 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
328 #
329 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
330 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
331 #
332 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
333 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
334 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
335 #
336 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
337 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
338 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
339 #
340 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
341 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
354 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
355 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
356 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
357 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
358 # and Frethun run in CT.
359 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
360 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
361 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
362 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
363 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
364 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
365
366 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
367 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
368 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
369 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
370 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
371 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
372 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
373
374 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
375 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
376 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print.html
377 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print.html
378 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print.html
379
380 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
381 # Summer Time Act, 1916
382 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
383 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
384 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
385 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
388 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
390 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
391 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
393 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
394 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
396 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
397 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
398 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
484 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
485 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
486 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
487 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
488 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
489 #
490 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
491
492 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
493 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
494 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
495 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
496 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
497 0:00 EU GMT/BST
498 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
499 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
500 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
501
502 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
503 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
504 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s # Dublin MT
505 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
506 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
507 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
508 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
509 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
510 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
511 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
512 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
513 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
514 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
515 0:00 EU GMT/IST
516
517 ###############################################################################
518
519 # Europe
520
521 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
522 # Common Market, etc.
523
524 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
525 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
526 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
527 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
528 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
529 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
530 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
531 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
637 #
638 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
639 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
640 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
641 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
642 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
643 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
644 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
645 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
646 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
647 #
648 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
649 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
650
651 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
652 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
653 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
654 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
655 #
656 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
657 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
658 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
659 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
660 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
661 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
662 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
663 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
664 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
665 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
666 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
667 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
668 # rules (Moscow time)
669 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
670
671 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
672 # Unamended version of the act of the
673 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
674 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
675 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
676 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
677 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
678
679 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
680 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
681 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
682 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
683 #
684 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
685 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
686 #
687 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
688 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
689
690 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
691 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
692 # to be standard.
693
694 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
695
696 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
697 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
698 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
699 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
700 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
701
702 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
703 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
704
705 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
706 # The official German names ... are
707 #
708 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
795 1:00 - CET 1946
796 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
797 1:00 EU CE%sT
798
799 # Belarus
800 #
801 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
802 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
803 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
804 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
805 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
806 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
807 #
808 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
809 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
810 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
811 #
812 # Sources (Russian language):
813 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
814 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
815 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
816 #
817 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
818 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
819 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
820 #
821 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
822 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
823 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
824 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
825 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
826 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
827 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
828 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
829 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
830 3:00 - +03
831
832 # Belgium
833 #
834 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
835 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
1116 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1117 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1118 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1119 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1120 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1121 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1122 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1123 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1124 # summer time next spring."
1125
1126 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1127 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1128 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1129 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1130 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1131 #
1132 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1133 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1134 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1135
1136 # From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1137 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1138 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1139 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1140 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1141 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1142 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1143 # after that.
1144
1145 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1146 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1147 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1148 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1149
1150 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1151 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1152 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1153 #
1154 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1155 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1156
1168 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1169 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1170 2:00 EU EE%sT
1171
1172 # Finland
1173
1174 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1175 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1176 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1177
1178 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1179 #
1180 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1181 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1182 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1183 # according to the central European standards.
1184 #
1185 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1186 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1187 # Finnish) at
1188 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1189 #
1190 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1191 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1192 #
1193 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1194 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1195 #
1196 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1197 # exist tonight."
1198
1199 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1200 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1201 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1202 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1203 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1204 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1205 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1206 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1207 #
1208 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1209 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1210
1211 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1212 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1213 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1214 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1215 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1216
1217 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1218 # round to nearest.
1219
1220 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1221 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1311 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1312 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1313 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1314 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1315 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1316 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1317 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1318 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1319 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1320 1:00 EU CE%sT
1321
1322 # Germany
1323
1324 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1325 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1326 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1327 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1328
1329 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1330 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1331 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1332 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1333
1334 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1335 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1336 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1337 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1338 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1339
1340
1341 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1342 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1344 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1345 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1346 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1347 # Go with the PTB.
1348 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1349 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1350 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1351 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1536 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1537 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1538 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1539 # (2016-10-24):
1540 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1541 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1542 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1543 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1544 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1545 #
1546 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1547 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1548 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1549 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1550 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1551 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1552 #
1553 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1554 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1555 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1556 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1557 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1558 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1559 #
1560 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1561 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1562 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1563 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1564 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1565 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1566 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1567 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1568 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1569 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1570 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1571 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1572 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1573 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1574 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1575 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1576 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1851 # News (in Russian):
1852 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1853 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1854 #
1855 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1856 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1857 #
1858 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1859 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1860 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1861 #
1862 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1863 #
1864 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1865 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1866 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1867 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1868 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1869 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1870 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1871 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1872
1873 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1874 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1875 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1876 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1877 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1878 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1879 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1880 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1881
1882 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1883 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1884 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1885
1886 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1887 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1888 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1889 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1890 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1891 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1892 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1893 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1894 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1895 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1896 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1897 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1898
1930 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1931 #
1932 # (2001-04-09):
1933 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1934 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1935 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1936 # actually followed.
1937 #
1938 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1939 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1940 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1941 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1942 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1943 #
1944 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1945 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1946 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1947 # Amsterdam mean time.
1948
1949 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1950 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1951
1952 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1953 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1954 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1955 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1956 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1957 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1958 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1959 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1960 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1961 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1962 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1963 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1964 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1965 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1966 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1967 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1968 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1969 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1970 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2011 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2012 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2013 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2014 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2015 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2016 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2017 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2018 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
2019 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
2020 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
2021 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
2022 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
2023 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
2024
2025 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2026 #
2027 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2028 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2029 # keeping Berlin time.
2030 #
2031 # <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2032 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2033 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2034 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2035 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2036 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2037 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2038 #
2039 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2040 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2041 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2042 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2043 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2044 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2045 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2046 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2047 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2048 #
2049 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2050 # for these regions.
2051 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2052
2053 # Poland
2054
2055 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2056 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2057
2058 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2059 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2060 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2061 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2062 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2063 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2064 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2065 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2066 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2067 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2068 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2069 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2070 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2071 # He also gives these further references:
2072 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2073 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2074 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2075 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2076 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2077 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2078 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2079 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2080 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2081 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2082 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2083 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2084 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2085 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2086 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2087 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2088 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2089 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2090 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2091 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2092 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2093 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2094 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2095 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2096 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2097 1:00 EU CE%sT
2098
2099 # Portugal
2100 #
2101 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2102 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2103 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2104 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2105 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2106 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2107 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2108 #
2109 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2110 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2111 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2112 #
2113 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2114 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2115 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2116 #
2117 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2118 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2119 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2120 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2121 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2122 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2123 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2265 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2266 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2267 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2268 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2269
2270 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2271 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2272 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2273 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2274
2275 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2276 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2277 # changed in September 2011:
2278 #
2279 # One source is
2280 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2281 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2282 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2283 #
2284 # Another source is
2285 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2286 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2287 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2288 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2289 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2290 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2291 #
2292 # Another source is
2293 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2294 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2295 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2296 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2297 #
2298 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2299 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2300 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2301 #
2302 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2303 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2304 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2305 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2306 # Conradi notes).
2307 #
2308 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2309 #
2310 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2311
2312 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2313 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2314 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2315 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2316 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2317 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2318 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2319 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2320 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2321 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2322 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2323 #
2324 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2325 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2326 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2327 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2328 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2329 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
2330 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2331
2332 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2333 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2334 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2335 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2336 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2337 #
2338 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2339 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2340 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2341 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2342 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2343 #
2344 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2345 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2346 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2347 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2348 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2349 #
2356 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2357 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2358 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2359 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2360 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2361 #
2362 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2363 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2364 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2365 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2366 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2367 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2368 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2369 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2370
2371 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2372 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2373 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2374 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2375 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2376 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2377 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2378 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2379 # divisions where available.
2380
2381 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2382
2383
2384 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2385 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2386 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2387
2388 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2389 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2390
2391 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2392 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2393 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2394 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2395 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2396 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2521 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2522 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2523 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2524 #
2525 # ...
2526 #
2527 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2528 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2529 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2530 #
2531 # There were some exceptions, though.
2532 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2533 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2534 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2535 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2536 #
2537 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2538 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2539 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2540 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2541 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2542 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2543 # 2 days before the switch.
2544 #
2545 #
2546 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2547 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2548 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2549 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2550 # time in Moscow.
2551
2552 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2553 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2554 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2555 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2556 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2557 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2558 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2559 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2560 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2561 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2593 2:00 - EET 1992
2594 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2595 #
2596 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2597 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2598 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2599 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2600 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2601 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2602 # changed in May.
2603 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2604 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2605 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2606 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2607 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2608 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2609 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2610 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2611 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2612 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2613 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2614 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2615 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2616 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2617 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2618 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2619 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2620 3:00 - MSK
2621
2622
2623 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2624 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2625 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2626 #
2627 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2628
2629 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2630 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2631 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2632 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2633 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2776 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2777 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2778 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2779 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2780 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2781 6:00 - +06
2782
2783 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2784 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2785 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2786 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2787
2788 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2789
2790 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2791 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2792 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2793 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2794 # 1995-05-28.
2795 #
2796 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2797 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2798 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2799 # after 1957: UTC+7
2800 # since 1995: UTC+6
2801 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2802 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2803
2804 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2805 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2806 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2807 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2808 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2809 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2810 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2811 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2812
2813 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2814 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2815 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2816 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3150 #
3151 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3152 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3153
3154 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3155 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3156 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3157 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3158 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3159 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3160
3161 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3162 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3163 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3164 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3165 #
3166 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3167 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3168 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3169 # each! (Yikes!)
3170 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3171 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3172 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3173 #
3174 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3175 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3176 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3177 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3178 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3179 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3180 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3181 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3182
3183 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3184 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3185 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3186 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3187 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3188 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3189 11:00 - +11
3190
3191
3472 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3473 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3474 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3475 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3476 #
3477 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3478 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3479 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3480 #
3481 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3482 #
3483 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3484 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3485 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3486 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3487 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3488 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3489 #
3490 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3491 # The Federal regulations say
3492 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3493 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3494 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3495
3496 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3497 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3498 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3499 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3500 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3501 # hour before the beginning of service.
3502
3503 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3504 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3505 #
3506 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3507 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3508 #
3509 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3510 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3511 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3512 #
3549 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3550 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3551 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3552 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3553 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3554
3555 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3556 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3557 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3558 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3559 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3560 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3561 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3562 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3563 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3564
3565 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3566 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3567 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3568 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3569 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3570 # Turkish:
3571 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
3572
3573 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3574 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3575 # Turkish Local election....
3576 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3577 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3578 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3579 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3580 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3581 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3582 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3583 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3584 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3585 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3586 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3587 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3588
3589 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3590 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3591 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3687 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3688 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3689 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3690 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3691 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3692
3693 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3694 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3695 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3696 #
3697 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3698 # approval from 266 deputies.
3699 #
3700 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3701 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3702 #
3703 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3704 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3705 #
3706 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3707 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3708 #
3709 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3710 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3711 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3712 # time this year after all.
3713 #
3714 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3715 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3716 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3717 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3718 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3719 #
3720 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3721 # The law documents themselves are at
3722 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3723
3724 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3725 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3726 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3727 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
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