1 #
   2 # DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   3 #
   4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   6 # published by the Free Software Foundation.
   7 #
   8 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
   9 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  10 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  11 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  12 # accompanied this code).
  13 #
  14 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  15 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  16 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  17 #
  18 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  19 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  20 # questions.
  21 #
  22 # tzdb data for Asia and environs
  23 
  24 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  25 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  26 
  27 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  28 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  29 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
  30 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
  31 
  32 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
  33 #
  34 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
  35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  37 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
  38 #
  39 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
  40 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
  41 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  42 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  43 # of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
  44 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
  45 #
  46 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  47 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
  48 # I found in the UCLA library.
  49 #
  50 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
  51 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
  52 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
  53 #
  54 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
  55 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
  56 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
  57 #
  58 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
  59 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  60 #
  61 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
  62 # (corrections are welcome):
  63 #            std  dst
  64 #            LMT        Local Mean Time
  65 #       2:00 EET  EEST  Eastern European Time
  66 #       2:00 IST  IDT   Israel
  67 #       5:30 IST        India
  68 #       7:00 WIB        west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
  69 #       8:00 WITA       central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
  70 #       8:00 CST        China
  71 #       8:00 PST  PDT*  Philippine Standard Time
  72 #       8:30 KST  KDT   Korea when at +0830
  73 #       9:00 WIT        east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
  74 #       9:00 JST  JDT   Japan
  75 #       9:00 KST  KDT   Korea when at +09
  76 #       9:30 ACST       Australian Central Standard Time
  77 # *I invented the abbreviation PDT; see "Philippines" below.
  78 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
  79 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier
  80 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
  81 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
  82 #
  83 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
  84 
  85 # From Guy Harris:
  86 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
  87 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
  88 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
  89 # Worldwide Edition).
  90 
  91 ###############################################################################
  92 
  93 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
  94 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  95 Rule    EUAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
  96 Rule    EUAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  97 Rule    EUAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  98 Rule E-EurAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    -
  99 Rule E-EurAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 100 Rule E-EurAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
 101 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1984    -       Apr     1        0:00   1:00    -
 102 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1983    -       Oct     1        0:00   0       -
 103 Rule RussiaAsia 1984    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 104 Rule RussiaAsia 1985    2010    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    -
 105 Rule RussiaAsia 1996    2010    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 106 
 107 # Afghanistan
 108 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 109 Zone    Asia/Kabul      4:36:48 -       LMT     1890
 110                         4:00    -       +04     1945
 111                         4:30    -       +0430
 112 
 113 # Armenia
 114 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 115 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
 116 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
 117 # readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
 118 # when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
 119 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
 120 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
 121 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
 122 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
 123 
 124 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 125 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
 126 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
 127 
 128 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
 129 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
 130 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
 131 #
 132 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
 133 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
 134 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
 135 # or
 136 # (brief)
 137 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
 138 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 139 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    -
 140 Rule Armenia    2011    only    -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 141 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 142 Zone    Asia/Yerevan    2:58:00 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 143                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 144                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 145                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24  2:00s
 146                         4:00    -       +04     1997
 147                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
 148                         4:00    Armenia +04/+05
 149 
 150 # Azerbaijan
 151 
 152 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 153 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
 154 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
 155 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
 156 
 157 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
 158 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
 159 # daylight saving time....
 160 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
 161 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
 162 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
 163 
 164 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 165 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Mar     lastSun  4:00   1:00    -
 166 Rule    Azer    1997    2015    -       Oct     lastSun  5:00   0       -
 167 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 168 Zone    Asia/Baku       3:19:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 169                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
 170                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
 171                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
 172                         4:00    -       +04     1996
 173                         4:00    EUAsia  +04/+05 1997
 174                         4:00    Azer    +04/+05
 175 
 176 # Bahrain
 177 # See Asia/Qatar.
 178 
 179 # Bangladesh
 180 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
 181 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
 182 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 183 #
 184 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
 185 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
 186 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
 187 #
 188 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
 189 # June
 190 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
 191 # crippling power crisis. "
 192 #
 193 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
 194 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
 195 
 196 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
 197 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
 198 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 199 #
 200 # Some sources:
 201 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
 202 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
 203 #
 204 # Our wrap-up:
 205 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
 206 
 207 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
 208 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
 209 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
 210 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
 211 #
 212 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
 213 
 214 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
 215 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
 216 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
 217 #
 218 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
 219 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
 220 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
 221 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
 222 
 223 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
 224 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
 225 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
 226 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
 227 # "continue for an indefinite period."
 228 #
 229 # One of many places where it is published:
 230 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
 231 
 232 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 233 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 234 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 235 #
 236 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
 237 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
 238 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
 239 #
 240 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 241 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
 242 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
 243 # Minister's Office last night..."
 244 
 245 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 246 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 247 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
 248 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
 249 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
 250 
 251 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 252 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Jun     19      23:00   1:00    -
 253 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Dec     31      24:00   0       -
 254 
 255 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 256 Zone    Asia/Dhaka      6:01:40 -       LMT     1890
 257                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 258                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May 15
 259                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Sep
 260                         6:30    -       +0630   1951 Sep 30
 261                         6:00    -       +06     2009
 262                         6:00    Dhaka   +06/+07
 263 
 264 # Bhutan
 265 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 266 Zone    Asia/Thimphu    5:58:36 -       LMT     1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 267                         5:30    -       +0530   1987 Oct
 268                         6:00    -       +06
 269 
 270 # British Indian Ocean Territory
 271 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
 272 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
 273 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
 274 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
 275 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
 276 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 277 Zone    Indian/Chagos   4:49:40 -       LMT     1907
 278                         5:00    -       +05     1996
 279                         6:00    -       +06
 280 
 281 # Brunei
 282 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 283 Zone    Asia/Brunei     7:39:40 -       LMT     1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
 284                         7:30    -       +0730   1933
 285                         8:00    -       +08
 286 
 287 # Burma / Myanmar
 288 
 289 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
 290 
 291 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
 292 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
 293 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
 294 # of Greenwich."  This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
 295 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
 296 
 297 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 298 Zone    Asia/Yangon     6:24:47 -       LMT     1880        # or Rangoon
 299                         6:24:47 -       RMT     1920        # Rangoon local time
 300                         6:30    -       +0630   1942 May
 301                         9:00    -       +09     1945 May  3
 302                         6:30    -       +0630
 303 
 304 # Cambodia
 305 # See Asia/Bangkok.
 306 
 307 
 308 # China
 309 
 310 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
 311 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
 312 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
 313 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
 314 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
 315 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
 316 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
 317 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
 318 #
 319 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 320 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Jun      1       0:00   1:00    D
 321 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Oct     12      24:00   0       S
 322 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Mar     15       0:00   1:00    D
 323 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Nov      1      24:00   0       S
 324 Rule    Shang   1942    only    -       Jan     31       0:00   1:00    D
 325 Rule    Shang   1945    only    -       Sep      1      24:00   0       S
 326 Rule    Shang   1946    only    -       May     15       0:00   1:00    D
 327 Rule    Shang   1946    only    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S
 328 Rule    Shang   1947    only    -       Apr     15       0:00   1:00    D
 329 Rule    Shang   1947    only    -       Oct     31      24:00   0       S
 330 Rule    Shang   1948    1949    -       May      1       0:00   1:00    D
 331 Rule    Shang   1948    1949    -       Sep     30      24:00   0       S #plan
 332 
 333 # From Guy Harris:
 334 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 335 
 336 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 337 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
 338 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
 339 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
 340 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
 341 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 342 #
 343 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
 344 # painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
 345 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
 346 #
 347 #     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
 348 #     1987 mid-April - ??
 349 
 350 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 351 # CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
 352 # CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
 353 
 354 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
 355 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
 356 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
 357 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
 358 
 359 # From P Chan (2018-05-07):
 360 # The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
 361 # (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
 362 # Government notices about summer time:
 363 #
 364 # 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
 365 # (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
 366 # at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
 367 #
 368 # 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
 369 # (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
 370 #
 371 # 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
 372 # (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
 373 # until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
 374 #
 375 # 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
 376 # (To suspend summer time from 1992)
 377 #
 378 # The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
 379 # to begin on 17 April.
 380 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
 381 
 382 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 383 Rule    PRC     1986    only    -       May      4       2:00   1:00    D
 384 Rule    PRC     1986    1991    -       Sep     Sun>=11       2:00   0       S
 385 Rule    PRC     1987    1991    -       Apr     Sun>=11       2:00   1:00    D
 386 
 387 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
 388 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
 389 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
 390 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
 391 #
 392 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 393 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
 394 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 395 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
 396 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
 397 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
 398 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
 399 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
 400 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
 401 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
 402 
 403 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
 404 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
 405 #
 406 # (1)
 407 # Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
 408 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
 409 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
 410 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
 411 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
 412 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
 413 # officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
 414 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
 415 # been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
 416 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
 417 # to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
 418 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
 419 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
 420 #
 421 # (2)
 422 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
 423 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
 424 # [undated and unknown publication location]
 425 # It says several things:
 426 #   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
 427 #   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
 428 #     the official calendar book of 1914.
 429 #   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
 430 #     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
 431 #     Observatory and set to local mean time.
 432 #   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
 433 #   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
 434 #     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
 435 #     became used by railways as well.
 436 #   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
 437 #     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
 438 #     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
 439 #   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
 440 #     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
 441 #     Japanese-occupied territory.
 442 #   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
 443 #   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
 444 #     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
 445 #     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
 446 #   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
 447 #
 448 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
 449 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
 450 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
 451 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
 452 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
 453 #
 454 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
 455 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
 456 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
 457 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
 458 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
 459 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
 460 #
 461 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
 462 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 463 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
 464 #
 465 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
 466 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
 467 # most of China
 468 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
 469 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
 470 #
 471 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
 472 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
 473 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
 474 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 475 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 476 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
 477 #
 478 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
 479 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
 480 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
 481 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
 482 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
 483 # the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
 484 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
 485 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
 486 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
 487 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
 488 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 489 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
 490 #
 491 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
 492 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
 493 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 494 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
 495 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
 496 # and Yarkand.
 497 
 498 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
 499 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
 500 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
 501 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
 502 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
 503 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
 504 #
 505 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
 506 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
 507 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
 508 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
 509 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
 510 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
 511 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
 512 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
 513 #
 514 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
 515 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
 516 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
 517 #
 518 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
 519 # or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with
 520 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
 521 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
 522 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
 523 
 524 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
 525 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
 526 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
 527 #
 528 # 1. Wulumuqi...
 529 # 2. Kashi...
 530 # 3. Urumqi...
 531 # 4. Kashgar...
 532 # ...
 533 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
 534 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
 535 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
 536 #
 537 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
 538 # start date for Xinjiang time.
 539 #
 540 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
 541 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
 542 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
 543 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
 544 
 545 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
 546 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
 547 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
 548 
 549 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
 550 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
 551 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
 552 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
 553 # Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
 554 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
 555 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
 556 # and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
 557 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
 558 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
 559 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
 560 # having the same time as Beijing.
 561 
 562 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
 563 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
 564 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
 565 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
 566 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
 567 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
 568 #
 569 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
 570 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
 571 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
 572 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
 573 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
 574 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
 575 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
 576 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
 577 # quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
 578 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
 579 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
 580 # guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
 581 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
 582 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
 583 # +08 mandate back then.
 584 
 585 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 586 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
 587 Zone    Asia/Shanghai   8:05:43 -       LMT     1901
 588                         8:00    Shang   C%sT    1949 May 28
 589                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 590 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
 591 # / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
 592 Zone    Asia/Urumqi     5:50:20 -       LMT     1928
 593                         6:00    -       +06
 594 
 595 
 596 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
 597 
 598 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
 599 
 600 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 601 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
 602 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
 603 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
 604 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
 605 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 606 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 607 # obtained from
 608 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 609 
 610 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 611 # Here are the dates given at
 612 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 613 # as of 2009-10-28:
 614 # Year        Period
 615 # 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
 616 # 1942        Whole year
 617 # 1943        Whole year
 618 # 1944        Whole year
 619 # 1945        Whole year
 620 # 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
 621 # 1947        13 Apr to 30 Dec
 622 # 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
 623 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 624 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 625 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
 626 # 1952        6 Apr to 25 Oct
 627 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 628 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 629 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 630 # 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 631 # 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 632 # 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
 633 # 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov
 634 # 1960        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 635 # 1961        19 Mar to 5 Nov
 636 # 1962        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 637 # 1963        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 638 # 1964        22 Mar to 1 Nov
 639 # 1965        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 640 # 1966        17 Apr to 16 Oct
 641 # 1967        16 Apr to 22 Oct
 642 # 1968        21 Apr to 20 Oct
 643 # 1969        20 Apr to 19 Oct
 644 # 1970        19 Apr to 18 Oct
 645 # 1971        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 646 # 1972        16 Apr to 22 Oct
 647 # 1973        22 Apr to 21 Oct
 648 # 1973/74     30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
 649 # 1975        20 Apr to 19 Oct
 650 # 1976        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 651 # 1977        Nil
 652 # 1978        Nil
 653 # 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
 654 # 1980 to Now Nil
 655 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
 656 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
 657 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
 658 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
 659 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
 660 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
 661 
 662 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 663 Rule    HK      1941    only    -       Apr     1       3:30    1:00    S
 664 Rule    HK      1941    only    -       Sep     30      3:30    0       -
 665 Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Apr     20      3:30    1:00    S
 666 Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Dec     1       3:30    0       -
 667 Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Apr     13      3:30    1:00    S
 668 Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    0       -
 669 Rule    HK      1948    only    -       May     2       3:30    1:00    S
 670 Rule    HK      1948    1951    -       Oct     lastSun 3:30    0       -
 671 Rule    HK      1952    only    -       Oct     25      3:30    0       -
 672 Rule    HK      1949    1953    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:30    1:00    S
 673 Rule    HK      1953    only    -       Nov     1       3:30    0       -
 674 Rule    HK      1954    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=18      3:30    1:00    S
 675 Rule    HK      1954    only    -       Oct     31      3:30    0       -
 676 Rule    HK      1955    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       -
 677 Rule    HK      1965    1976    -       Apr     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    S
 678 Rule    HK      1965    1976    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 679 Rule    HK      1973    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    1:00    S
 680 Rule    HK      1979    only    -       May     Sun>=8       3:30    1:00    S
 681 Rule    HK      1979    only    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 682 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 683 Zone    Asia/Hong_Kong  7:36:42 -       LMT     1904 Oct 30
 684                         8:00    HK      HK%sT   1941 Dec 25
 685                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 15
 686                         8:00    HK      HK%sT
 687 
 688 ###############################################################################
 689 
 690 # Taiwan
 691 
 692 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
 693 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
 694 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
 695 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
 696 
 697 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
 698 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
 699 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
 700 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
 701 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
 702 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
 703 # found on Wikisource:
 704 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
 705 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
 706 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
 707 # declared officially.
 708 #
 709 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
 710 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
 711 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
 712 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
 713 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
 714 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
 715 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
 716 # be found on Wikisource:
 717 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
 718 #
 719 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
 720 
 721 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
 722 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
 723 # back to UT+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
 724 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
 725 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
 726 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
 727 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
 728 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
 729 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
 730 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
 731 # that:
 732 #
 733 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
 734 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
 735 #
 736 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
 737 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
 738 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
 739 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
 740 #
 741 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
 742 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
 743 # Time.
 744 #
 745 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
 746 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
 747 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
 748 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
 749 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
 750 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
 751 
 752 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
 753 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
 754 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
 755 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
 756 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
 757 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
 758 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
 759 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
 760 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
 761 # would be a good one.
 762 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
 763 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
 764 
 765 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
 766 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
 767 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
 768 #
 769 # Original Bulletin:
 770 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
 771 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
 772 #
 773 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
 774 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
 775 #
 776 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
 777 #
 778 # Here is a brief translation:
 779 #
 780 #   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
 781 #   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
 782 #   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
 783 #
 784 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
 785 # be found from historical government announcement database.
 786 
 787 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
 788 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
 789 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
 790 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
 791 
 792 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 793 Rule    Taiwan  1946    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    D
 794 Rule    Taiwan  1946    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 795 Rule    Taiwan  1947    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    D
 796 Rule    Taiwan  1947    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       S
 797 Rule    Taiwan  1948    1951    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    D
 798 Rule    Taiwan  1948    1951    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 799 Rule    Taiwan  1952    only    -       Mar     1       0:00    1:00    D
 800 Rule    Taiwan  1952    1954    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       S
 801 Rule    Taiwan  1953    1959    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
 802 Rule    Taiwan  1955    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 803 Rule    Taiwan  1960    1961    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    D
 804 Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
 805 Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 806 Rule    Taiwan  1979    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    1:00    D
 807 Rule    Taiwan  1979    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 808 
 809 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 810 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
 811 Zone    Asia/Taipei     8:06:00 -       LMT     1896 Jan  1
 812                         8:00    -       CST     1937 Oct  1
 813                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 21  1:00
 814                         8:00    Taiwan  C%sT
 815 
 816 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
 817 #
 818 # From P Chan (2018-05-10):
 819 # * LegisMac
 820 #   http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
 821 #   A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
 822 #   Chinese and Portuguese.  The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
 823 #   searching decrees about summer time.
 824 # * Archives of Macao
 825 #   http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
 826 #   It contains images of old official gazettes.
 827 # * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
 828 #   summer time history.  But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
 829 #   http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
 830 # Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong.  Clocks were
 831 # advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds.  Which means the LMT used was
 832 # +7:34:10.  As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
 833 # and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
 834 # http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
 835 #
 836 # Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
 837 #
 838 # From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
 839 # [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
 840 #       DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
 841 #       DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
 842 #       DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
 843 #       PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
 844 #       PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
 845 #       PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
 846 #       PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
 847 #       PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
 848 #       PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
 849 #       PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
 850 #       PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
 851 #       PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
 852 #       PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
 853 #       PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
 854 #       PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
 855 #       PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
 856 #       PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
 857 #       PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
 858 #       PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
 859 #       PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
 860 #       PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
 861 #       PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
 862 #       PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
 863 #       PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
 864 #       PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
 865 #       PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
 866 #       PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
 867 #       PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
 868 #       PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
 869 #       PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
 870 #       PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
 871 #       PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
 872 #       PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
 873 #       PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
 874 #       PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
 875 #       PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
 876 #       PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
 877 #       PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
 878 #       PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
 879 #       PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
 880 #       PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
 881 #       PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
 882 #       PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
 883 #       PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
 884 #       PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
 885 #       PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
 886 #       PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
 887 #       PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
 888 #       PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
 889 #       PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
 890 #       PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
 891 #       PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
 892 #       PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
 893 #       PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
 894 #       PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
 895 #       PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
 896 #       PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
 897 #       PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
 898 #       PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
 899 #       PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
 900 #       PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
 901 #       PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
 902 #       PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
 903 #       PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
 904 #       PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
 905 #       PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
 906 #       PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
 907 #       PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
 908 #       PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
 909 #       PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
 910 # Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
 911 # LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
 912 # between GMT+9 and GMT+10.  Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
 913 
 914 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
 915 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
 916 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
 917 
 918 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 919 Rule    Macau   1942    1943    -       Apr     30      23:00   1:00    -
 920 Rule    Macau   1942    only    -       Nov     17      23:00   0       -
 921 Rule    Macau   1943    only    -       Sep     30      23:00   0       S
 922 Rule    Macau   1946    only    -       Apr     30      23:00s  1:00    D
 923 Rule    Macau   1946    only    -       Sep     30      23:00s  0       S
 924 Rule    Macau   1947    only    -       Apr     19      23:00s  1:00    D
 925 Rule    Macau   1947    only    -       Nov     30      23:00s  0       S
 926 Rule    Macau   1948    only    -       May      2      23:00s  1:00    D
 927 Rule    Macau   1948    only    -       Oct     31      23:00s  0       S
 928 Rule    Macau   1949    1950    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00s  1:00    D
 929 Rule    Macau   1949    1950    -       Oct     lastSat 23:00s  0       S
 930 Rule    Macau   1951    only    -       Mar     31      23:00s  1:00    D
 931 Rule    Macau   1951    only    -       Oct     28      23:00s  0       S
 932 Rule    Macau   1952    1953    -       Apr     Sat>=1       23:00s  1:00    D
 933 Rule    Macau   1952    only    -       Nov      1      23:00s  0       S
 934 Rule    Macau   1953    1954    -       Oct     lastSat 23:00s  0       S
 935 Rule    Macau   1954    1956    -       Mar     Sat>=17      23:00s  1:00    D
 936 Rule    Macau   1955    only    -       Nov      5      23:00s  0       S
 937 Rule    Macau   1956    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       03:30   0       S
 938 Rule    Macau   1957    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=18      03:30   1:00    D
 939 Rule    Macau   1965    1973    -       Apr     Sun>=16      03:30   1:00    D
 940 Rule    Macau   1965    1966    -       Oct     Sun>=16      02:30   0       S
 941 Rule    Macau   1967    1976    -       Oct     Sun>=16      03:30   0       S
 942 Rule    Macau   1973    only    -       Dec     30      03:30   1:00    D
 943 Rule    Macau   1975    1976    -       Apr     Sun>=16      03:30   1:00    D
 944 Rule    Macau   1979    only    -       May     13      03:30   1:00    D
 945 Rule    Macau   1979    only    -       Oct     Sun>=16      03:30   0       S
 946 
 947 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 948 Zone    Asia/Macau      7:34:10 -       LMT     1904 Oct 30
 949                         8:00    -       CST     1941 Dec 21 23:00
 950                         9:00    Macau   +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00
 951                         8:00    Macau   C%sT
 952 
 953 
 954 ###############################################################################
 955 
 956 # Cyprus
 957 
 958 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
 959 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
 960 
 961 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
 962 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
 963 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
 964 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
 965 #
 966 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
 967 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
 968 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
 969 
 970 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
 971 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
 972 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus.  See: Anastasiou A.
 973 # Cyprus to remain united in time.  Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
 974 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
 975 
 976 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 977 Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Apr     13      0:00    1:00    S
 978 Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Oct     12      0:00    0       -
 979 Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
 980 Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       Oct     11      0:00    0       -
 981 Rule    Cyprus  1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
 982 Rule    Cyprus  1977    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
 983 Rule    Cyprus  1978    only    -       Oct     2       0:00    0       -
 984 Rule    Cyprus  1979    1997    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
 985 Rule    Cyprus  1981    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
 986 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 987 Zone    Asia/Nicosia    2:13:28 -       LMT     1921 Nov 14
 988                         2:00    Cyprus  EE%sT   1998 Sep
 989                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT
 990 Zone    Asia/Famagusta  2:15:48 -       LMT     1921 Nov 14
 991                         2:00    Cyprus  EE%sT   1998 Sep
 992                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT   2016 Sep  8
 993                         3:00    -       +03     2017 Oct 29 1:00u
 994                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT
 995 
 996 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
 997 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
 998 Link    Asia/Nicosia    Europe/Nicosia
 999 
1000 # Georgia
1001 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1002 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1003 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1004 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1005 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1006 #
1007 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1008 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1009 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1010 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1011 #
1012 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1013 #
1014 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
1015 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
1016 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1017 # ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1018 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1019 # of integration into Europe.
1020 
1021 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1022 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1023 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1024 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1025 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1026 # about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1027 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1028 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1029 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1030 
1031 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1032 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1033 # Go with Byalokoz.
1034 
1035 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1036 Zone    Asia/Tbilisi    2:59:11 -       LMT     1880
1037                         2:59:11 -       TBMT    1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1038                         3:00    -       +03     1957 Mar
1039                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1040                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
1041                         3:00 E-EurAsia  +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
1042                         4:00 E-EurAsia  +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
1043                         4:00    1:00    +05     1997 Mar lastSun
1044                         4:00 E-EurAsia  +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
1045                         3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
1046                         4:00    -       +04
1047 
1048 # East Timor
1049 
1050 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1051 
1052 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1053 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
1054 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1055 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1056 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1057 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1058 # conflicts with their way of life.
1059 
1060 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1061 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1062 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1063 
1064 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1065 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1066 # (2000-08-16):
1067 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1068 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
1069 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1070 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1071 
1072 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1073 Zone    Asia/Dili       8:22:20 -       LMT     1912 Jan  1
1074                         8:00    -       +08     1942 Feb 21 23:00
1075                         9:00    -       +09     1976 May  3
1076                         8:00    -       +08     2000 Sep 17  0:00
1077                         9:00    -       +09
1078 
1079 # India
1080 
1081 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1082 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1083 # (2015-12-22):
1084 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1085 # outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1086 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
1087 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
1088 
1089 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1090 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1091 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1092 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1093 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1094 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1095 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1096 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1097 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time.  The citizen of
1098 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1099 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1100 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1101 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1102 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1103 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1104 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1105 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1106 #
1107 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1108 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1109 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1110 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1111 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1112 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1113 #
1114 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1115 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1116 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1117 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530.  Some
1118 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1119 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1120 # government offices.  Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1121 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book).  Railway time is more
1122 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1123 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1124 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata.  So, use railway
1125 # time for 1870-1941.  Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1126 # 1941-1945 data.
1127 
1128 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1129 Zone    Asia/Kolkata    5:53:28 -       LMT     1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1130                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1870        # Howrah Mean Time?
1131                         5:21:10 -       MMT     1906 Jan  1 # Madras local time
1132                         5:30    -       IST     1941 Oct
1133                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1942 May 15
1134                         5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
1135                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 15
1136                         5:30    -       IST
1137 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1138 #       Andaman Is
1139 #       Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1140 #       Nicobar Is
1141 
1142 # Indonesia
1143 #
1144 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1145 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1146 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
1147 #
1148 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1149 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1150 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
1151 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1152 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1153 #
1154 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1155 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1156 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1157 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1158 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1159 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1160 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1161 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1162 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1163 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1164 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1165 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1166 #
1167 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1168 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1169 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1170 # when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
1171 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1172 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1173 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1174 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1175 #
1176 # WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1177 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1178 # WIT  - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1179 #
1180 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1181 # Java, Sumatra
1182 Zone Asia/Jakarta       7:07:12 -       LMT     1867 Aug 10
1183 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1184 # but this must be a typo.
1185                         7:07:12 -       BMT     1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1186                         7:20    -       +0720   1932 Nov
1187                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Mar 23
1188                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1189                         7:30    -       +0730   1948 May
1190                         8:00    -       +08     1950 May
1191                         7:30    -       +0730   1964
1192                         7:00    -       WIB
1193 # west and central Borneo
1194 Zone Asia/Pontianak     7:17:20 -       LMT     1908 May
1195                         7:17:20 -       PMT     1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
1196                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Jan 29
1197                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1198                         7:30    -       +0730   1948 May
1199                         8:00    -       +08     1950 May
1200                         7:30    -       +0730   1964
1201                         8:00    -       WITA    1988 Jan  1
1202                         7:00    -       WIB
1203 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1204 Zone Asia/Makassar      7:57:36 -       LMT     1920
1205                         7:57:36 -       MMT     1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
1206                         8:00    -       +08     1942 Feb  9
1207                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 23
1208                         8:00    -       WITA
1209 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1210 Zone Asia/Jayapura      9:22:48 -       LMT     1932 Nov
1211                         9:00    -       +09     1944 Sep  1
1212                         9:30    -       +0930   1964
1213                         9:00    -       WIT
1214 
1215 # Iran
1216 
1217 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1218 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1219 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1220 #
1221 #       Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1222 #       No. 16760/T233 H                                1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1223 #
1224 #       The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1225 #
1226 #       The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1227 #       based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1228 #       of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1229 #       and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1230 #       and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1231 #       for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1232 #
1233 #       The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1234 #       at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1235 #       to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1236 #       Shahrivar.
1237 #
1238 #       First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1239 #
1240 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1241 # for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
1242 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1243 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1244 #
1245 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1246 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1247 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1248 # leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
1249 # plan to change that law....
1250 #
1251 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1252 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1253 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1254 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1255 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1256 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1257 #
1258 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1259 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1260 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1261 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1262 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1263 # known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
1264 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1265 # no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
1266 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1267 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1268 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
1269 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1270 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1271 #
1272 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1273 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1274 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1275 #
1276 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1277 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1278 # daylight saving time ...
1279 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1280 #
1281 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1282 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1283 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1284 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1285 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1286 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1287 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1288 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1289 #
1290 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1291 Rule    Iran    1978    1980    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1292 Rule    Iran    1978    only    -       Oct     21      0:00    0       -
1293 Rule    Iran    1979    only    -       Sep     19      0:00    0       -
1294 Rule    Iran    1980    only    -       Sep     23      0:00    0       -
1295 Rule    Iran    1991    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    -
1296 Rule    Iran    1992    1995    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1297 Rule    Iran    1991    1995    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1298 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1299 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1300 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1301 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1302 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1303 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1304 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1305 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1306 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1307 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1308 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1309 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1310 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1311 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1312 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1313 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1314 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1315 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1316 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1317 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1318 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1319 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1320 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1321 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1322 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1323 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1324 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1325 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1326 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1327 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1328 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1329 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1330 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1331 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1332 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1333 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1334 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1335 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1336 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    -
1337 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
1338 #
1339 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1340 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1341 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1342 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1343 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1344 Rule    Iran    2036    max     -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    -
1345 Rule    Iran    2036    max     -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
1346 
1347 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1348 Zone    Asia/Tehran     3:25:44 -       LMT     1916
1349                         3:25:44 -       TMT     1946     # Tehran Mean Time
1350                         3:30    -       +0330   1977 Nov
1351                         4:00    Iran    +04/+05 1979
1352                         3:30    Iran    +0330/+0430
1353 
1354 
1355 # Iraq
1356 #
1357 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1358 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1359 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1360 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1361 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1362 #
1363 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1364 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1365 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
1366 # to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
1367 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1368 #
1369 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1370 
1371 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1372 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1373 # news sources (in Arabic):
1374 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1375 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1376 #
1377 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1378 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1379 
1380 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1381 Rule    Iraq    1982    only    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    -
1382 Rule    Iraq    1982    1984    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1383 Rule    Iraq    1983    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    -
1384 Rule    Iraq    1984    1985    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    -
1385 Rule    Iraq    1985    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       -
1386 Rule    Iraq    1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    -
1387 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1388 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1389 #
1390 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Apr      1      3:00s   1:00    -
1391 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Oct      1      3:00s   0       -
1392 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1393 Zone    Asia/Baghdad    2:57:40 -       LMT     1890
1394                         2:57:36 -       BMT     1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
1395                         3:00    -       +03     1982 May
1396                         3:00    Iraq    +03/+04
1397 
1398 
1399 ###############################################################################
1400 
1401 # Israel
1402 
1403 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1404 #
1405 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
1406 # different abbreviations in use:
1407 #
1408 # JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1409 # IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1410 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1411 #
1412 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1413 # I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1414 # EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1415 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1416 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1417 # settings in Israeli computers.
1418 #
1419 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1420 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1421 # family is from India).
1422 
1423 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1424 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1425 Rule    Zion    1940    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    D
1426 Rule    Zion    1942    1944    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
1427 Rule    Zion    1943    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1428 Rule    Zion    1944    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1429 Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
1430 Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
1431 Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Apr     16      2:00    1:00    D
1432 Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
1433 Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       May     23      0:00    2:00    DD
1434 Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    1:00    D
1435 Rule    Zion    1948    1949    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
1436 Rule    Zion    1949    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    D
1437 Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
1438 Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Sep     15      3:00    0       S
1439 Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1440 Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Nov     11      3:00    0       S
1441 Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Apr     20      2:00    1:00    D
1442 Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Oct     19      3:00    0       S
1443 Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Apr     12      2:00    1:00    D
1444 Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Sep     13      3:00    0       S
1445 Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Jun     13      0:00    1:00    D
1446 Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Sep     12      0:00    0       S
1447 Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Jun     11      2:00    1:00    D
1448 Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Sep     11      0:00    0       S
1449 Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    D
1450 Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       S
1451 Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    D
1452 Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1453 Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    D
1454 Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Oct     13      0:00    0       S
1455 Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    D
1456 Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Aug     31      0:00    0       S
1457 Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Apr     14      0:00    1:00    D
1458 Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Sep     15      0:00    0       S
1459 Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       May     18      0:00    1:00    D
1460 Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       Sep      7      0:00    0       S
1461 Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    D
1462 Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
1463 
1464 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1465 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1466 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1467 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1468 Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    D
1469 Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Sep      4      0:00    0       S
1470 
1471 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1472 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1473 # and 2005-02-17):
1474 
1475 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1476 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1477 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1478 # days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
1479 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1480 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1481 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1482 # time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1483 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1484 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
1485 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1486 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1487 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1488 # 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1489 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1490 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
1491 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1492 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1493 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1494 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1495 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1496 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1497 
1498 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1499 Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    D
1500 Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1501 Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Mar     25      0:00    1:00    D
1502 Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Aug     26      0:00    0       S
1503 Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Mar     24      0:00    1:00    D
1504 Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       S
1505 Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Mar     29      0:00    1:00    D
1506 Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
1507 Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    D
1508 Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Sep      5      0:00    0       S
1509 
1510 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1511 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
1512 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1513 
1514 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1515 Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1516 Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Aug     28      0:00    0       S
1517 Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    D
1518 Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1519 
1520 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1521 # time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1522 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1523 #
1524 #   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1525 #
1526 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1527 #
1528 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1529 #
1530 #   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1531 #
1532 #       where YYYY is the relevant year.
1533 
1534 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1535 Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Mar     15      0:00    1:00    D
1536 Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       S
1537 Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1538 Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Sep     14      0:00    0       S
1539 Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Mar     20      0:00    1:00    D
1540 Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
1541 Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    D
1542 Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Sep      3      2:00    0       S
1543 
1544 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1545 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1546 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1547 #
1548 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1549 #
1550 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1551 #
1552 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1553 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1554 #
1555 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1556 
1557 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1558 Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Apr     14      2:00    1:00    D
1559 Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Oct      6      1:00    0       S
1560 Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Apr      9      1:00    1:00    D
1561 Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Sep     24      1:00    0       S
1562 Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Mar     29      1:00    1:00    D
1563 Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Oct      7      1:00    0       S
1564 Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Mar     28      1:00    1:00    D
1565 Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Oct      3      1:00    0       S
1566 Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Apr      7      1:00    1:00    D
1567 Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Sep     22      1:00    0       S
1568 
1569 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1570 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1571 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1572 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1573 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1574 #
1575 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1576 #
1577 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1578 
1579 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1580 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1581 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1582 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1583 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1584 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1585 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1586 #
1587 # Rule  Zion    2005    2012    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1588 #
1589 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1590 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1591 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1592 
1593 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1594 Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1595 Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Oct      9      2:00    0       S
1596 Rule    Zion    2006    2010    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1597 Rule    Zion    2006    only    -       Oct      1      2:00    0       S
1598 Rule    Zion    2007    only    -       Sep     16      2:00    0       S
1599 Rule    Zion    2008    only    -       Oct      5      2:00    0       S
1600 Rule    Zion    2009    only    -       Sep     27      2:00    0       S
1601 Rule    Zion    2010    only    -       Sep     12      2:00    0       S
1602 Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1603 Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Oct      2      2:00    0       S
1604 Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1605 Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Sep     23      2:00    0       S
1606 
1607 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1608 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1609 # Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1610 # in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1611 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1612 #
1613 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1614 # in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1615 
1616 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1617 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Mar     Fri>=23      2:00    1:00    D
1618 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Oct     lastSun 2:00    0       S
1619 
1620 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1621 Zone    Asia/Jerusalem  2:20:54 -       LMT     1880
1622                         2:20:40 -       JMT     1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1623                         2:00    Zion    I%sT
1624 
1625 
1626 
1627 ###############################################################################
1628 
1629 # Japan
1630 
1631 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1632 
1633 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1634 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1635 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1636 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1637 
1638 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1639 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1640 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1641 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1642 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1643 # deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1644 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1645 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1646 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1647 # wanted to keep it.)
1648 
1649 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
1650 # The source of information is Japanese law.
1651 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
1652 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
1653 # ... In summary, it is written as follows.  From 24:00 on the first Saturday
1654 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
1655 
1656 # From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
1657 # [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
1658 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
1659 # ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
1660 # 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
1661 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
1662 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
1663 # of the summer time is described in the document.
1664 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
1665 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
1666 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
1667 # change the clock before they sleep.
1668 #
1669 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
1670 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that.  zic treats
1671 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
1672 # do in any POSIX or C platform.  The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
1673 # which should be safe now.
1674 
1675 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1676 Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1677 Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sun>=9        1:00   0       S
1678 Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1679 Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sat>=1       24:00   1:00    D
1680 
1681 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1682 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1683 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
1684 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1685 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1686 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1687 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1688 
1689 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1690 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1691 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
1692 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1693 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1694 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E....  But "western standard
1695 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
1696 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1697 # standard....
1698 #
1699 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1700 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1701 
1702 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1703 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1704 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1705 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1706 #
1707 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1708 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1709 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1710 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1711 
1712 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1713 Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1714                         9:00    Japan   J%sT
1715 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1716 
1717 # Jordan
1718 #
1719 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1720 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1721 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1722 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1723 # all year round.
1724 #
1725 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1726 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1727 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1728 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1729 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1730 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1731 #
1732 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1733 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1734 #
1735 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1736 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1737 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1738 #
1739 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1740 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1741 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1742 #
1743 
1744 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1745 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1746 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1747 #
1748 # Google's translation:
1749 #
1750 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1751 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1752 # > of the month of March of each year.
1753 #
1754 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1755 
1756 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1757 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1758 
1759 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1760 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1761 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1762 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1763 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1764 
1765 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1766 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1767 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1768 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1769 # Official, in Arabic:
1770 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1771 # ... Our background/permalink about it
1772 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1773 # ...
1774 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1775 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1776 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1777 
1778 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1779 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1780 
1781 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1782 Rule    Jordan  1973    only    -       Jun     6       0:00    1:00    S
1783 Rule    Jordan  1973    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1784 Rule    Jordan  1974    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
1785 Rule    Jordan  1976    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
1786 Rule    Jordan  1977    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1787 Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
1788 Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
1789 Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    S
1790 Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1791 Rule    Jordan  1986    1988    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
1792 Rule    Jordan  1986    1990    -       Oct     Fri>=1       0:00    0       -
1793 Rule    Jordan  1989    only    -       May     8       0:00    1:00    S
1794 Rule    Jordan  1990    only    -       Apr     27      0:00    1:00    S
1795 Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Apr     17      0:00    1:00    S
1796 Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
1797 Rule    Jordan  1992    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
1798 Rule    Jordan  1992    1993    -       Oct     Fri>=1       0:00    0       -
1799 Rule    Jordan  1993    1998    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
1800 Rule    Jordan  1994    only    -       Sep     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
1801 Rule    Jordan  1995    1998    -       Sep     Fri>=15      0:00s   0       -
1802 Rule    Jordan  1999    only    -       Jul      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1803 Rule    Jordan  1999    2002    -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1804 Rule    Jordan  2000    2001    -       Mar     lastThu 0:00s   1:00    S
1805 Rule    Jordan  2002    2012    -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
1806 Rule    Jordan  2003    only    -       Oct     24      0:00s   0       -
1807 Rule    Jordan  2004    only    -       Oct     15      0:00s   0       -
1808 Rule    Jordan  2005    only    -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1809 Rule    Jordan  2006    2011    -       Oct     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1810 Rule    Jordan  2013    only    -       Dec     20      0:00    0       -
1811 Rule    Jordan  2014    max     -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
1812 Rule    Jordan  2014    max     -       Oct     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1813 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1814 Zone    Asia/Amman      2:23:44 -       LMT     1931
1815                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT
1816 
1817 
1818 # Kazakhstan
1819 
1820 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
1821 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
1822 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1823 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1824 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1825 #
1826 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1827 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1828 # was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1829 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
1830 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1831 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
1832 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
1833 # everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
1834 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
1835 
1836 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
1837 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
1838 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
1839 #
1840 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
1841 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
1842 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
1843 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
1844 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
1845 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
1846 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
1847 #
1848 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
1849 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
1850 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
1851 # text.
1852 #
1853 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
1854 # (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
1855 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
1856 # transition to "summer" time:
1857 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
1858 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
1859 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
1860 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
1861 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
1862 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
1863 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
1864 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
1865 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
1866 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
1867 #
1868 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
1869 # was one of such changes.
1870 #
1871 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
1872 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
1873 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
1874 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
1875 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
1876 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
1877 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
1878 # move clocks.)
1879 #
1880 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
1881 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
1882 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
1883 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
1884 #
1885 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1886 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
1887 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
1888 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
1889 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
1890 # 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
1891 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
1892 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
1893 # 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
1894 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
1895 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
1896 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
1897 # time belt).
1898 #
1899 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
1900 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
1901 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
1902 #
1903 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1904 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
1905 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
1906 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
1907 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
1908 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
1909 #
1910 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1911 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
1912 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
1913 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
1914 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
1915 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
1916 # result)....
1917 #
1918 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1919 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
1920 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
1921 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
1922 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
1923 #
1924 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1925 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
1926 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
1927 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
1928 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
1929 # time belt.
1930 #
1931 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
1932 #
1933 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1934 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
1935 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
1936 # replaces the previous five documents.
1937 #
1938 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
1939 # fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
1940 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
1941 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
1942 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
1943 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
1944 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
1945 #
1946 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1947 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
1948 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
1949 # modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
1950 #
1951 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1952 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
1953 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
1954 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
1955 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
1956 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
1957 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
1958 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
1959 # amended before implementation happened.
1960 #
1961 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1962 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
1963 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
1964 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
1965 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
1966 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
1967 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
1968 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
1969 #
1970 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
1971 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
1972 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
1973 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
1974 #
1975 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1976 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
1977 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
1978 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
1979 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
1980 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
1981 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
1982 # time.
1983 #
1984 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
1985 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
1986 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
1987 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
1988 
1989 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
1990 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
1991 # oblast.  Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
1992 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
1993 # according to wikipedia.)
1994 #
1995 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
1996 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
1997 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt.  But I do not understand
1998 # how that could happen....
1999 #
2000 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2001 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2002 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2003 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2004 
2005 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2006 # The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
2007 
2008 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2009 #
2010 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2011 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2012 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2013 Zone    Asia/Almaty     5:07:48 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
2014                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
2015                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2016                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2017                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2018                         6:00    -       +06
2019 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2020 # This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
2021 # see comments below.
2022 Zone    Asia/Qyzylorda  4:21:52 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2023                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2024                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
2025                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
2026                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2027                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2028                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29  2:00s
2029                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2030                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2031                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2032                         6:00    -       +06
2033 # The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
2034 # hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29.  The 1991/2 rules for
2035 # Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2036 # reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
2037 #Zone   Asia/Qostanay   4:14:20 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2038 #                       4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2039 #                       5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
2040 #                       5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
2041 #                       6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2042 #                       5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2043 #                       4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2044 #                       5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2045 #                       6:00    -       +06
2046 #
2047 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2048 Zone    Asia/Aqtobe     3:48:40 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2049                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2050                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
2051                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
2052                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2053                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2054                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2055                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2056                         5:00    -       +05
2057 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2058 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2059 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2060 Zone    Asia/Aqtau      3:21:04 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2061                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
2062                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Oct  1
2063                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2064                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2065                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2066                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25  2:00s
2067                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2068                         5:00    -       +05
2069 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2070 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2071 Zone    Asia/Atyrau     3:27:44 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2072                         3:00    -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2073                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Oct  1
2074                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2075                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2076                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2077                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28  2:00s
2078                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2079                         5:00    -       +05
2080 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
2081 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2082 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2083 Zone    Asia/Oral       3:25:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
2084                         3:00    -       +03     1930 Jun 21
2085                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
2086                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
2087                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
2088                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26  2:00s
2089                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2090                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2091                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31  2:00s
2092                         5:00    -       +05
2093 
2094 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2095 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2096 
2097 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2098 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2099 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2100 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
2101 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2102 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2103 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2104 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2105 
2106 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2107 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Apr     Sun>=7       0:00s   1:00    -
2108 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2109 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:30    1:00    -
2110 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2004    -       Oct     lastSun 2:30    0       -
2111 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2112 Zone    Asia/Bishkek    4:58:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2113                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
2114                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2115                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31  2:00
2116                         5:00    Kyrgyz  +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
2117                         6:00    -       +06
2118 
2119 ###############################################################################
2120 
2121 # Korea (North and South)
2122 
2123 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2124 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2125 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2126 # during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
2127 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2128 
2129 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2130 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2131 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2132 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2133 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2134 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
2135 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2136 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2137 # started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
2138 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2139 
2140 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2141 Rule    ROK     1948    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    D
2142 Rule    ROK     1948    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
2143 Rule    ROK     1949    only    -       Apr      3      0:00    1:00    D
2144 Rule    ROK     1949    1951    -       Sep     Sun>=8       0:00    0       S
2145 Rule    ROK     1950    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
2146 Rule    ROK     1951    only    -       May      6      0:00    1:00    D
2147 Rule    ROK     1955    only    -       May      5      0:00    1:00    D
2148 Rule    ROK     1955    only    -       Sep      9      0:00    0       S
2149 Rule    ROK     1956    only    -       May     20      0:00    1:00    D
2150 Rule    ROK     1956    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       S
2151 Rule    ROK     1957    1960    -       May     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    D
2152 Rule    ROK     1957    1960    -       Sep     Sun>=18      0:00    0       S
2153 Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       May     Sun>=8       2:00    1:00    D
2154 Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       Oct     Sun>=8       3:00    0       S
2155 
2156 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2157 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2158 #
2159 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2160 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2161 #       (Announcement No. 338)
2162 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2163 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2164 #
2165 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2166 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2167 #
2168 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2169 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2170 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2171 #
2172 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2173 # have no information otherwise.
2174 
2175 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2176 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2177 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2178 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2179 #
2180 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2181 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
2182 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2183 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2184 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2185 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2186 
2187 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2188 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2189 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2190 #
2191 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2192 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2193 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2194 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ...  Citation should be Decree
2195 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2196 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2197 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2198 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2199 #
2200 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2201 # The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2202 # https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2203 
2204 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2205 Zone    Asia/Seoul      8:27:52 -       LMT     1908 Apr  1
2206                         8:30    -       KST     1912 Jan  1
2207                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep  8
2208                         9:00    -       KST     1954 Mar 21
2209                         8:30    ROK     K%sT    1961 Aug 10
2210                         9:00    ROK     K%sT
2211 Zone    Asia/Pyongyang  8:23:00 -       LMT     1908 Apr  1
2212                         8:30    -       KST     1912 Jan  1
2213                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Aug 24
2214                         9:00    -       KST     2015 Aug 15 00:00
2215                         8:30    -       KST     2018 May  4 23:30
2216                         9:00    -       KST
2217 
2218 ###############################################################################
2219 
2220 # Kuwait
2221 # See Asia/Riyadh.
2222 
2223 # Laos
2224 # See Asia/Bangkok.
2225 
2226 
2227 # Lebanon
2228 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2229 Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
2230 Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
2231 Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
2232 Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
2233 Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2234 Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Oct     8       0:00    0       -
2235 Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
2236 Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       -
2237 Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2238 Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2239 Rule    Lebanon 1972    only    -       Jun     22      0:00    1:00    S
2240 Rule    Lebanon 1972    1977    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2241 Rule    Lebanon 1973    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2242 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
2243 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2244 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1987    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2245 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1991    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
2246 Rule    Lebanon 1988    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2247 Rule    Lebanon 1989    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2248 Rule    Lebanon 1990    1992    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
2249 Rule    Lebanon 1992    only    -       Oct     4       0:00    0       -
2250 Rule    Lebanon 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
2251 Rule    Lebanon 1993    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2252 Rule    Lebanon 1999    max     -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2253 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2254 Zone    Asia/Beirut     2:22:00 -       LMT     1880
2255                         2:00    Lebanon EE%sT
2256 
2257 # Malaysia
2258 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2259 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Sep     14      0:00    0:20    -
2260 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Dec     14      0:00    0       -
2261 #
2262 # peninsular Malaysia
2263 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2264 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2265 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2266 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur  6:46:46 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
2267                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
2268                         7:00    -       +07     1933 Jan  1
2269                         7:00    0:20    +0720   1936 Jan  1
2270                         7:20    -       +0720   1941 Sep  1
2271                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Feb 16
2272                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2273                         7:30    -       +0730   1982 Jan  1
2274                         8:00    -       +08
2275 # Sabah & Sarawak
2276 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2277 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2278 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2279 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2280 Zone Asia/Kuching       7:21:20 -       LMT     1926 Mar
2281                         7:30    -       +0730   1933
2282                         8:00 NBorneo  +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2283                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
2284                         8:00    -       +08
2285 
2286 # Maldives
2287 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2288 Zone    Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 -       LMT     1880 # Malé
2289                         4:54:00 -       MMT     1960 # Malé Mean Time
2290                         5:00    -       +05
2291 
2292 # Mongolia
2293 
2294 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2295 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2296 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2297 
2298 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2299 # General Information Mongolia
2300 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2301 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2302 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2303 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2304 # eight hours."
2305 
2306 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2307 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2308 # being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
2309 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2310 # of implementation may have been different....
2311 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2312 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2313 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2314 
2315 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2316 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2317 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2318 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2319 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2320 # is good enough for our purposes.
2321 
2322 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2323 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2324 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2325 # there are three time zones.
2326 #
2327 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2328 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2329 #       Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2330 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2331 #
2332 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2333 
2334 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2335 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2336 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2337 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2338 #
2339 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2340 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2341 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2342 
2343 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2344 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2345 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2346 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2347 # Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2348 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2349 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2350 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2351 # He also found
2352 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2353 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2354 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2355 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2356 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2357 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2358 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2359 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2360 
2361 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2362 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2363 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2364 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2365 
2366 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2367 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2368 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2369 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2370 # database on this, e.g.:
2371 #
2372 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2373 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2374 #
2375 # both say GMT+08:00.
2376 
2377 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2378 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2379 # schedule here:
2380 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2381 # (click the English flag for English)
2382 #
2383 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2384 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2385 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2386 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2387 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2388 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2389 
2390 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2391 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2392 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2393 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2394 # this is almost surely wrong.
2395 
2396 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2397 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2398 # daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2399 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2400 # September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
2401 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2402 
2403 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2404 Rule    Mongol  1983    1984    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    -
2405 Rule    Mongol  1983    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
2406 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2407 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
2408 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2409 #
2410 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2411 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2412 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2413 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2414 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2415 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2416 
2417 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2418 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2419 # saving time adoption in Mongolia.  Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2420 
2421 Rule    Mongol  1985    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    -
2422 Rule    Mongol  1984    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
2423 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2424 Rule    Mongol  2001    only    -       Apr     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2425 Rule    Mongol  2001    2006    -       Sep     lastSat 2:00    0       -
2426 Rule    Mongol  2002    2006    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2427 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    -
2428 Rule    Mongol  2015    2016    -       Sep     lastSat 0:00    0       -
2429 
2430 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2431 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2432 Zone    Asia/Hovd       6:06:36 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2433                         6:00    -       +06     1978
2434                         7:00    Mongol  +07/+08
2435 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2436 Zone    Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -      LMT     1905 Aug
2437                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2438                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2439 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2440 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2441 Zone    Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 -       LMT     1905 Aug
2442                         7:00    -       +07     1978
2443                         8:00    -       +08     1983 Apr
2444                         9:00    Mongol  +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2445                         8:00    Mongol  +08/+09
2446 
2447 # Nepal
2448 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2449 Zone    Asia/Kathmandu  5:41:16 -       LMT     1920
2450                         5:30    -       +0530   1986
2451                         5:45    -       +0545
2452 
2453 # Oman
2454 # See Asia/Dubai.
2455 
2456 # Pakistan
2457 
2458 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2459 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2460 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2461 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
2462 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2463 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2464 
2465 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2466 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2467 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2468 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2469 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2470 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2471 # 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2472 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2473 # it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
2474 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2475 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2476 
2477 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2478 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2479 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.
2480 
2481 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2482 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2483 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2484 #
2485 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2486 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2487 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2488 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2489 #
2490 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2491 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2492 
2493 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2494 #
2495 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2496 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2497 #
2498 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2499 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2500 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2501 #
2502 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2503 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2504 
2505 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2506 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2507 
2508 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2509 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2510 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2511 # instead of August 31.
2512 #
2513 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2514 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2515 
2516 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2517 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2518 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2519 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2520 # official working."
2521 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2522 #
2523 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2524 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2525 #
2526 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2527 # April 08, 2009
2528 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2529 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2530 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2531 #
2532 # ....
2533 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2534 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2535 # conserve energy"
2536 
2537 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2538 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2539 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2540 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2541 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2542 # this regard."
2543 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2544 
2545 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2546 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2547 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2548 # October 1, 2009.
2549 #
2550 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2551 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2552 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2553 #
2554 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2555 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2556 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2557 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2558 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2559 # Monday."
2560 #
2561 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2562 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2563 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2564 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2565 #
2566 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2567 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2568 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2569 
2570 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2571 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2572 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2573 
2574 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2575 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2576 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2577 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2578 # >
2579 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2580 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2581 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2582 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2583 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2584 #
2585 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2586 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2587 #
2588 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2589 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2590 
2591 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2592 Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Apr     Sun>=2       0:00    1:00    S
2593 Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:00    0       -
2594 Rule Pakistan   2008    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2595 Rule Pakistan   2008    2009    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
2596 Rule Pakistan   2009    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    S
2597 
2598 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2599 Zone    Asia/Karachi    4:28:12 -       LMT     1907
2600                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Sep
2601                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 15
2602                         5:30    -       +0530   1951 Sep 30
2603                         5:00    -       +05     1971 Mar 26
2604                         5:00 Pakistan   PK%sT   # Pakistan Time
2605 
2606 # Palestine
2607 
2608 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2609 #
2610 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2611 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2612 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2613 #
2614 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2615 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2616 # time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2617 # though.
2618 #
2619 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2620 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2621 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2622 # Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
2623 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2624 # East Jerusalem.
2625 #
2626 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2627 # for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
2628 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2629 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2630 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2631 #
2632 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2633 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
2634 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2635 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2636 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2637 # Jordanian one).
2638 #
2639 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2640 #
2641 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2642 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2643 # Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
2644 # West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
2645 # Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
2646 #
2647 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2648 # have one).
2649 
2650 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2651 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2652 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2653 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2654 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2655 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2656 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2657 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2658 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2659 # to Palestine's rules.
2660 
2661 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2662 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2663 #
2664 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2665 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2666 # one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2667 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2668 
2669 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2670 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2671 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2672 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2673 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2674 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2675 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2676 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2677 
2678 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2679 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2680 
2681 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2682 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2683 # the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2684 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2685 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2686 
2687 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2688 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2689 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2690 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel.  I was not
2691 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2692 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2693 # the West Bank.
2694 
2695 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2696 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2697 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2698 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2699 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday.  It is also time to turn
2700 # > back the clocks for winter.  Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2701 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2702 # because of the Ramadan.
2703 
2704 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2705 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2706 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2707 
2708 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2709 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2710 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2711 # surprised if they agreed about DST.  But for now, assume they agree.
2712 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2713 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2714 
2715 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2716 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2717 #
2718 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2719 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2720 #
2721 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2722 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2723 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2724 
2725 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2726 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2727 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2728 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2729 #
2730 # (in Arabic)
2731 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2732 #
2733 # (English translation)
2734 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2735 
2736 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2737 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2738 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2739 #
2740 # One news source:
2741 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2742 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2743 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2744 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2745 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2746 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2747 #
2748 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2749 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2750 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2751 
2752 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2753 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2754 #
2755 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2756 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2757 #
2758 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2759 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2760 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2761 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2762 
2763 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2764 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2765 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2766 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2767 #
2768 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2769 # (in Arabic)
2770 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2771 
2772 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2773 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2774 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2775 # noon though:
2776 #
2777 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2778 # (Ma'an News Agency)
2779 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2780 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2781 
2782 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2783 # According to several sources, including
2784 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2785 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2786 # Gaza and the West Bank.
2787 # Some more background info:
2788 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2789 
2790 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2791 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2792 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2793 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2794 # Ramadan.
2795 #
2796 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2797 # Additional info:
2798 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2799 
2800 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2801 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2802 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2803 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2804 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2805 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2806 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2807 # ...
2808 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
2809 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
2810 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
2811 
2812 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
2813 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
2814 # 00:00).
2815 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
2816 #
2817 # Many sources, including:
2818 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
2819 
2820 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2821 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
2822 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
2823 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
2824 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
2825 #
2826 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
2827 #
2828 # Our brief summary:
2829 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
2830 
2831 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
2832 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
2833 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
2834 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
2835 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
2836 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
2837 
2838 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
2839 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
2840 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
2841 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2842 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2843 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2844 # official source...:
2845 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2846 
2847 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
2848 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
2849 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
2850 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
2851 #
2852 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
2853 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
2854 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
2855 
2856 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
2857 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
2858 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
2859 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
2860 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
2861 
2862 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
2863 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2864 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2865 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2866 #
2867 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2868 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2869 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2870 # predictions.
2871 #
2872 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2873 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2874 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2875 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2876 
2877 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
2878 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 by advancing the
2879 # clock by 60 minutes as per Palestinian cabinet decision published on
2880 # the official website, though the decree did not specify the exact
2881 # time of the time shift.
2882 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
2883 #
2884 # From Paul Eggert (2018-03-16):
2885 # For 2016 on, predict spring transitions on March's fourth Saturday at 01:00.
2886 
2887 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2888 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2889 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2890 Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
2891 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
2892 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
2893 Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -
2894 
2895 Rule Palestine  1999    2005    -       Apr     Fri>=15      0:00    1:00    S
2896 Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
2897 Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
2898 Rule Palestine  2005    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
2899 Rule Palestine  2006    2007    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2900 Rule Palestine  2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
2901 Rule Palestine  2007    only    -       Sep     Thu>=8       2:00    0       -
2902 Rule Palestine  2008    2009    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2903 Rule Palestine  2008    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
2904 Rule Palestine  2009    only    -       Sep     Fri>=1       1:00    0       -
2905 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2906 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Aug     11      0:00    0       -
2907 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Apr      1      0:01    1:00    S
2908 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug      1      0:00    0       -
2909 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug     30      0:00    1:00    S
2910 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2911 Rule Palestine  2012    2014    -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
2912 Rule Palestine  2012    only    -       Sep     21      1:00    0       -
2913 Rule Palestine  2013    only    -       Sep     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
2914 Rule Palestine  2014    2015    -       Oct     Fri>=21      0:00    0       -
2915 Rule Palestine  2015    only    -       Mar     lastFri 24:00   1:00    S
2916 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Mar     Sat>=22      1:00    1:00    S
2917 Rule Palestine  2016    max     -       Oct     lastSat 1:00    0       -
2918 
2919 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2920 Zone    Asia/Gaza       2:17:52 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2921                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2922                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2923                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
2924                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
2925                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2008 Aug 29  0:00
2926                         2:00    -       EET     2008 Sep
2927                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2010
2928                         2:00    -       EET     2010 Mar 27  0:01
2929                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2011 Aug  1
2930                         2:00    -       EET     2012
2931                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
2932 
2933 Zone    Asia/Hebron     2:20:23 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2934                         2:00    Zion    EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2935                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2936                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
2937                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
2938                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
2939 
2940 # Paracel Is
2941 # no information
2942 
2943 # Philippines
2944 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
2945 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2946 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2947 # History of the International Date Line
2948 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2949 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2950 
2951 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2952 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2953 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2954 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2955 # but no details]
2956 
2957 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2958 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2959 # March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
2960 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2961 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2962 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2963 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2964 
2965 # From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
2966 # In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
2967 # which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
2968 # The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
2969 # the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
2970 # it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
2971 # [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
2972 # [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
2973 #
2974 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
2975 # I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
2976 # more popular among reliable English-language news sources.  This is
2977 # not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
2978 # influence of the sources.  There is no current abbreviation for DST,
2979 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.
2980 
2981 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2982 Rule    Phil    1936    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    1:00    D
2983 Rule    Phil    1937    only    -       Feb     1       0:00    0       S
2984 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Apr     12      0:00    1:00    D
2985 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    0       S
2986 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
2987 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
2988 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2989 Zone    Asia/Manila     -15:56:00 -     LMT     1844 Dec 31
2990                         8:04:00 -       LMT     1899 May 11
2991                         8:00    Phil    P%sT    1942 May
2992                         9:00    -       JST     1944 Nov
2993                         8:00    Phil    P%sT
2994 
2995 # Qatar
2996 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2997 Zone    Asia/Qatar      3:26:08 -       LMT     1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
2998                         4:00    -       +04     1972 Jun
2999                         3:00    -       +03
3000 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
3001 
3002 # Saudi Arabia
3003 #
3004 # From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3005 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3006 # standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3007 # has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3008 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3009 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3010 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3011 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3012 #
3013 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3014 # Arabia you were in.  In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3015 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3016 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3017 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3018 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3019 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3020 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3021 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.)  Antar writes,
3022 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3023 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3024 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3025 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3026 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did."  See:
3027 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3028 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3029 # newspapers.com says a similar story about Higgins was published in the Port
3030 # Angeles (WA) Evening News, 1965-03-10, page 5, but I lack access to the text.
3031 #
3032 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3033 # we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3034 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3035 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3036 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3037 # earlier date.
3038 #
3039 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3040 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3041 # the country.  Presumably this is documenting airline time.  Ignore this,
3042 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3043 #
3044 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3045 Zone    Asia/Riyadh     3:06:52 -       LMT     1947 Mar 14
3046                         3:00    -       +03
3047 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden      # Yemen
3048 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3049 
3050 # Singapore
3051 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3052 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
3053 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3054 Zone    Asia/Singapore  6:55:25 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
3055                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
3056                         7:00    -       +07     1933 Jan  1
3057                         7:00    0:20    +0720   1936 Jan  1
3058                         7:20    -       +0720   1941 Sep  1
3059                         7:30    -       +0730   1942 Feb 16
3060                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep 12
3061                         7:30    -       +0730   1982 Jan  1
3062                         8:00    -       +08
3063 
3064 # Spratly Is
3065 # no information
3066 
3067 # Sri Lanka
3068 
3069 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3070 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
3071 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3072 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3073 # Shanks and Pottenger.
3074 
3075 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3076 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3077 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3078 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3079 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3080 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3081 #
3082 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3083 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3084 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3085 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3086 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3087 
3088 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3089 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3090 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3091 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3092 
3093 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3094 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3095 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3096 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3097 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3098 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3099 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3100 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3101 
3102 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3103 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3104 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3105 # standard time is SLST.
3106 #
3107 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3108 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
3109 # zone nerd sources.  I searched Google News and found three uses of
3110 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3111 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3112 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3113 # other English-language news sources.  Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3114 # even worse.  For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3115 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3116 
3117 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3118 Zone    Asia/Colombo    5:19:24 -       LMT     1880
3119                         5:19:32 -       MMT     1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
3120                         5:30    -       +0530   1942 Jan  5
3121                         5:30    0:30    +06     1942 Sep
3122                         5:30    1:00    +0630   1945 Oct 16  2:00
3123                         5:30    -       +0530   1996 May 25  0:00
3124                         6:30    -       +0630   1996 Oct 26  0:30
3125                         6:00    -       +06     2006 Apr 15  0:30
3126                         5:30    -       +0530
3127 
3128 # Syria
3129 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
3130 Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
3131 Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
3132 Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    S
3133 Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3134 Rule    Syria   1963    1965    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
3135 Rule    Syria   1963    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
3136 Rule    Syria   1964    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3137 Rule    Syria   1965    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
3138 Rule    Syria   1966    only    -       Apr     24      2:00    1:00    S
3139 Rule    Syria   1966    1976    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3140 Rule    Syria   1967    1978    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
3141 Rule    Syria   1977    1978    -       Sep     1       2:00    0       -
3142 Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Apr     9       2:00    1:00    S
3143 Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3144 Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Feb     16      2:00    1:00    S
3145 Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Oct     9       2:00    0       -
3146 Rule    Syria   1987    only    -       Mar     1       2:00    1:00    S
3147 Rule    Syria   1987    1988    -       Oct     31      2:00    0       -
3148 Rule    Syria   1988    only    -       Mar     15      2:00    1:00    S
3149 Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
3150 Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
3151 Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Apr     1       2:00    1:00    S
3152 Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
3153 Rule    Syria   1991    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3154 Rule    Syria   1991    1992    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3155 Rule    Syria   1992    only    -       Apr      8      0:00    1:00    S
3156 Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
3157 Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
3158 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3159 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3160 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3161 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3162 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3163 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3164 Rule    Syria   1994    1996    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3165 Rule    Syria   1994    2005    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
3166 Rule    Syria   1997    1998    -       Mar     lastMon 0:00    1:00    S
3167 Rule    Syria   1999    2006    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
3168 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3169 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3170 # this year [only]....  This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3171 Rule    Syria   2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
3172 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3173 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3174 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3175 Rule    Syria   2007    only    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3176 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3177 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3178 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3179 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3180 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3181 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3182 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3183 #
3184 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3185 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3186 #
3187 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3188 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3189 #
3190 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3191 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3192 #
3193 # which using Google's translate tools says:
3194 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3195 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3196 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3197 Rule    Syria   2007    only    -       Nov      Fri>=1      0:00    0       -
3198 
3199 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3200 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3201 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3202 # Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
3203 # Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
3204 # Variation
3205 # Syrian Arab
3206 # Republic    SY    +0200      2200  03APR08       2100  30SEP08   +0300
3207 #                              2200  02APR09       2100  30SEP09   +0300
3208 #                              2200  01APR10       2100  30SEP10   +0300
3209 
3210 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3211 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3212 # Agency (SANA)...
3213 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3214 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3215 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3216 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3217 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3218 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3219 
3220 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3221 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3222 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3223 # compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3224 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3225 
3226 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3227 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3228 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3229 #
3230 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3231 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3232 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3233 #
3234 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3235 
3236 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3237 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3238 # two examples:
3239 #
3240 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3241 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3242 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3243 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3244 #
3245 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3246 #
3247 # Our summary
3248 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3249 
3250 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3251 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3252 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3253 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3254 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3255 
3256 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3257 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3258 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3259 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3260 
3261 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3262 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3263 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3264 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3265 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3266 
3267 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3268 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3269 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3270 #
3271 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3272 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3273 #
3274 # Our brief summary:
3275 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3276 
3277 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3278 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3279 
3280 Rule    Syria   2008    only    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3281 Rule    Syria   2008    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
3282 Rule    Syria   2009    only    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3283 Rule    Syria   2010    2011    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
3284 Rule    Syria   2012    max     -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
3285 Rule    Syria   2009    max     -       Oct     lastFri 0:00    0       -
3286 
3287 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3288 Zone    Asia/Damascus   2:25:12 -       LMT     1920 # Dimashq
3289                         2:00    Syria   EE%sT
3290 
3291 # Tajikistan
3292 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3293 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3294 Zone    Asia/Dushanbe   4:35:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3295                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
3296                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00s
3297                         5:00    1:00    +05/+06 1991 Sep  9  2:00s
3298                         5:00    -       +05
3299 
3300 # Thailand
3301 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3302 Zone    Asia/Bangkok    6:42:04 -       LMT     1880
3303                         6:42:04 -       BMT     1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3304                         7:00    -       +07
3305 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh       # Cambodia
3306 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane        # Laos
3307 
3308 # Turkmenistan
3309 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3310 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3311 Zone    Asia/Ashgabat   3:53:32 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
3312                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
3313                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31  2:00
3314                         4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19  2:00
3315                         5:00    -       +05
3316 
3317 # United Arab Emirates
3318 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3319 Zone    Asia/Dubai      3:41:12 -       LMT     1920
3320                         4:00    -       +04
3321 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat     # Oman
3322 
3323 # Uzbekistan
3324 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3325 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3326 Zone    Asia/Samarkand  4:27:53 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3327                         4:00    -       +04     1930 Jun 21
3328                         5:00    -       +05     1981 Apr  1
3329                         5:00    1:00    +06     1981 Oct  1
3330                         6:00    -       +06     1982 Apr  1
3331                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3332                         5:00    -       +05
3333 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3334 Zone    Asia/Tashkent   4:37:11 -       LMT     1924 May  2
3335                         5:00    -       +05     1930 Jun 21
3336                         6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31  2:00
3337                         5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3338                         5:00    -       +05
3339 
3340 # Vietnam
3341 
3342 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3343 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3344 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
3345 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3346 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3347 
3348 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3349 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3350 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3351 
3352 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3353 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3354 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3355 # is quoted verbatim in:
3356 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3357 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3358 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3359 # and is the basis for the information below.
3360 #
3361 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3362 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3363 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3364 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3365 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3366 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3367 # is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3368 #
3369 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3370 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3371 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3372 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3373 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3374 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3375 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3376 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3377 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3378 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3379 #
3380 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3381 #
3382 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3383 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3384 #
3385 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3386 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3387 #
3388 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3389 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3390 
3391 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
3392 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh   7:06:40 -       LMT     1906 Jul  1
3393                         7:06:30 -       PLMT    1911 May  1 # Phù Liễn MT
3394                         7:00    -       +07     1942 Dec 31 23:00
3395                         8:00    -       +08     1945 Mar 14 23:00
3396                         9:00    -       +09     1945 Sep  2
3397                         7:00    -       +07     1947 Apr  1
3398                         8:00    -       +08     1955 Jul  1
3399                         7:00    -       +07     1959 Dec 31 23:00
3400                         8:00    -       +08     1975 Jun 13
3401                         7:00    -       +07
3402 
3403 # Yemen
3404 # See Asia/Riyadh.