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   3 #  
   4 # This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   5 # under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
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   7 # particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
   8 # by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
   9 #  
  10 # This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  11 # ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  12 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  13 # version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  14 # accompanied this code).
  15 #  
  16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  17 # 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  18 # Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  19 #  
  20 # Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  21 # or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # <pre>
  25 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  26 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  27 
  28 # From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
  29 # To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
  30 # <a href="http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/">
  31 # COMNAP - Stations and Bases
  32 # </a>
  33 # and
  34 # <a href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm">
  35 # Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
  36 # </a>
  37 # for information.
  38 # Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
  39 #
  40 # Except for the French entries,
  41 # I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
  42 # FORMAT is `zzz' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
  43 
  44 # These rules are stolen from the `southamerica' file.
  45 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  46 Rule    ArgAQ   1964    1966    -       Mar      1      0:00    0       -
  47 Rule    ArgAQ   1964    1966    -       Oct     15      0:00    1:00    S
  48 Rule    ArgAQ   1967    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    0       -
  49 Rule    ArgAQ   1967    1968    -       Oct     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
  50 Rule    ArgAQ   1968    1969    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    0       -
  51 Rule    ArgAQ   1974    only    -       Jan     23      0:00    1:00    S
  52 Rule    ArgAQ   1974    only    -       May      1      0:00    0       -
  53 Rule    ChileAQ 1972    1986    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  54 Rule    ChileAQ 1974    1987    -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  55 Rule    ChileAQ 1987    only    -       Apr     12      3:00u   0       -
  56 Rule    ChileAQ 1988    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  57 Rule    ChileAQ 1988    only    -       Oct     Sun>=1       4:00u   1:00    S
  58 Rule    ChileAQ 1989    only    -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  59 Rule    ChileAQ 1990    only    -       Mar     18      3:00u   0       -
  60 Rule    ChileAQ 1990    only    -       Sep     16      4:00u   1:00    S
  61 Rule    ChileAQ 1991    1996    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  62 Rule    ChileAQ 1991    1997    -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  63 Rule    ChileAQ 1997    only    -       Mar     30      3:00u   0       -
  64 Rule    ChileAQ 1998    only    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  65 Rule    ChileAQ 1998    only    -       Sep     27      4:00u   1:00    S
  66 Rule    ChileAQ 1999    only    -       Apr      4      3:00u   0       -
  67 Rule    ChileAQ 1999    2010    -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  68 Rule    ChileAQ 2000    2007    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  69 # N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
  70 # which is used below in specifying the transition.
  71 Rule    ChileAQ 2008    only    -       Mar     30      3:00u   0       -
  72 Rule    ChileAQ 2009    only    -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  73 Rule    ChileAQ 2010    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:00u   0       -
  74 Rule    ChileAQ 2011    only    -       May     Sun>=2       3:00u   0       -
  75 Rule    ChileAQ 2011    only    -       Aug     Sun>=16      4:00u   1:00    S
  76 Rule    ChileAQ 2012    only    -       Apr     Sun>=23      3:00u   0       -
  77 Rule    ChileAQ 2012    only    -       Sep     Sun>=2       4:00u   1:00    S
  78 Rule    ChileAQ 2013    max     -       Mar     Sun>=9       3:00u   0       -
  79 Rule    ChileAQ 2013    max     -       Oct     Sun>=9       4:00u   1:00    S
  80 
  81 # These rules are stolen from the `australasia' file.
  82 Rule    AusAQ   1917    only    -       Jan      1      0:01    1:00    -
  83 Rule    AusAQ   1917    only    -       Mar     25      2:00    0       -
  84 Rule    AusAQ   1942    only    -       Jan      1      2:00    1:00    -
  85 Rule    AusAQ   1942    only    -       Mar     29      2:00    0       -
  86 Rule    AusAQ   1942    only    -       Sep     27      2:00    1:00    -
  87 Rule    AusAQ   1943    1944    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00    0       -
  88 Rule    AusAQ   1943    only    -       Oct      3      2:00    1:00    -
  89 Rule    ATAQ    1967    only    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    -
  90 Rule    ATAQ    1968    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
  91 Rule    ATAQ    1968    1985    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    -
  92 Rule    ATAQ    1969    1971    -       Mar     Sun>=8       2:00s   0       -
  93 Rule    ATAQ    1972    only    -       Feb     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
  94 Rule    ATAQ    1973    1981    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
  95 Rule    ATAQ    1982    1983    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
  96 Rule    ATAQ    1984    1986    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
  97 Rule    ATAQ    1986    only    -       Oct     Sun>=15      2:00s   1:00    -
  98 Rule    ATAQ    1987    1990    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       -
  99 Rule    ATAQ    1987    only    -       Oct     Sun>=22      2:00s   1:00    -
 100 Rule    ATAQ    1988    1990    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    -
 101 Rule    ATAQ    1991    1999    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    -
 102 Rule    ATAQ    1991    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
 103 Rule    ATAQ    2000    only    -       Aug     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    -
 104 Rule    ATAQ    2001    max     -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    -
 105 Rule    ATAQ    2006    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
 106 Rule    ATAQ    2007    only    -       Mar     lastSun 2:00s   0       -
 107 Rule    ATAQ    2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       -
 108 
 109 # Argentina - year-round bases
 110 # Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
 111 # Esperanza, San Martin Land, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
 112 # Jubany, Potter Peninsula, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
 113 # Marambio, Seymour I, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
 114 # Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
 115 # San Martin, Debenham I, -6807-06708, since 1951-03-21
 116 #       (except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
 117 
 118 # Australia - territories
 119 # Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
 120 #       previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
 121 #       <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html">
 122 #       Margaret Turner reports
 123 #       </a> (1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
 124 #       presumably this is when they have visitors.
 125 #
 126 # year-round bases
 127 # Casey, Bailey Peninsula, -6617+11032, since 1969
 128 # Davis, Vestfold Hills, -6835+07759, since 1957-01-13
 129 #       (except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
 130 # Mawson, Holme Bay, -6736+06253, since 1954-02-13
 131 
 132 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-11):
 133 # Three Australian stations in Antarctica have changed their time zone:
 134 # Casey moved from UTC+8 to UTC+11
 135 # Davis moved from UTC+7 to UTC+5
 136 # Mawson moved from UTC+6 to UTC+5
 137 # The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
 138 #
 139 # Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
 140 # <a href="http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079">
 141 # http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
 142 # </a>
 143 #
 144 # We have more background information here:
 145 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html">
 146 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
 147 # </a>
 148 
 149 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
 150 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
 151 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
 152 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
 153 # on 4 April.
 154 #
 155 # - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
 156 # The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
 157 # has not been decided yet.
 158 #
 159 # - Davis station will revert to its normal time of UTC+7 at 10 March 2010
 160 # 20:00 UTC.
 161 #
 162 # - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
 163 #
 164 # In addition to the Rule changes for Casey/Davis, it means that Macquarie
 165 # will no longer be like Hobart and will have to have its own Zone created.
 166 #
 167 # Background:
 168 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html">
 169 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
 170 # </a>
 171 
 172 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 173 Zone Antarctica/Casey   0       -       zzz     1969
 174                         8:00    -       WST     2009 Oct 18 2:00
 175                                                 # Western (Aus) Standard Time
 176                         11:00   -       CAST    2010 Mar 5 2:00
 177                                                 # Casey Time
 178                         8:00    -       WST     2011 Oct 28 2:00
 179                         11:00   -       CAST    2012 Feb 21 17:00u
 180                         8:00    -       WST
 181 Zone Antarctica/Davis   0       -       zzz     1957 Jan 13
 182                         7:00    -       DAVT    1964 Nov # Davis Time
 183                         0       -       zzz     1969 Feb
 184                         7:00    -       DAVT    2009 Oct 18 2:00
 185                         5:00    -       DAVT    2010 Mar 10 20:00u
 186                         7:00    -       DAVT    2011 Oct 28 2:00
 187                         5:00    -       DAVT    2012 Feb 21 20:00u
 188                         7:00    -       DAVT
 189 Zone Antarctica/Mawson  0       -       zzz     1954 Feb 13
 190                         6:00    -       MAWT    2009 Oct 18 2:00
 191                                                 # Mawson Time
 192                         5:00    -       MAWT
 193 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0     -       zzz     1911
 194                         10:00   -       EST     1916 Oct 1 2:00
 195                         10:00   1:00    EST     1917 Feb
 196                         10:00   AusAQ   EST     1967
 197                         10:00   ATAQ    EST     2010 Apr 4 3:00
 198                         11:00   -       MIST    # Macquarie Island Time
 199 # References:
 200 # <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html">
 201 # Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
 202 # </a>
 203 # <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html">
 204 # Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
 205 # </a>
 206 # <a href="http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html">
 207 # Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
 208 # </a>
 209 
 210 # Brazil - year-round base
 211 # Comandante Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
 212 
 213 # Chile - year-round bases and towns
 214 # Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
 215 # Presidente Eduadro Frei, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
 216 # General Bernardo O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
 217 # Capitan Arturo Prat, -6230-05941
 218 # Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
 219 # These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
 220 
 221 # China - year-round bases
 222 # Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
 223 # Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
 224 
 225 # France - year-round bases
 226 #
 227 # From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
 228 # Time data are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
 229 # (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
 230 # She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adelie bases
 231 # don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adelie supplies came
 232 # from Tasmania.
 233 #
 234 # French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
 235 #
 236 # Martin-de-Vivies Base, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
 237 # Alfred-Faure Base, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964
 238 # Port-aux-Francais, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
 239 #       whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
 240 #
 241 # St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
 242 #       fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
 243 #
 244 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 245 Zone Indian/Kerguelen   0       -       zzz     1950    # Port-aux-Francais
 246                         5:00    -       TFT     # ISO code TF Time
 247 #
 248 # year-round base in the main continent
 249 # Dumont-d'Urville, Ile des Petrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
 250 #
 251 # Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
 252 # It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
 253 #
 254 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 255 Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -      zzz     1947
 256                         10:00   -       PMT     1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
 257                         0       -       zzz     1956 Nov
 258                         10:00   -       DDUT    # Dumont-d'Urville Time
 259 # Reference:
 260 # <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station">
 261 # Dumont d'Urville Station (2005-12-05)
 262 # </a>
 263 
 264 # Germany - year-round base
 265 # Georg von Neumayer, -7039-00815
 266 
 267 # India - year-round base
 268 # Dakshin Gangotri, -7005+01200
 269 
 270 # Japan - year-round bases
 271 # Dome Fuji, -7719+03942
 272 # Syowa, -690022+0393524
 273 #
 274 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
 275 # In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
 276 #
 277 # Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
 278 # was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
 279 # station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
 280 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 281 Zone Antarctica/Syowa   0       -       zzz     1957 Jan 29
 282                         3:00    -       SYOT    # Syowa Time
 283 # See:
 284 # <a href="http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html">
 285 # NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
 286 # </a>
 287 
 288 # S Korea - year-round base
 289 # King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
 290 
 291 # New Zealand - claims
 292 # Balleny Islands (never inhabited)
 293 # Scott Island (never inhabited)
 294 #
 295 # year-round base
 296 # Scott, Ross Island, since 1957-01, is like Antarctica/McMurdo.
 297 #
 298 # These rules for New Zealand are stolen from the `australasia' file.
 299 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 300 Rule    NZAQ    1974    only    -       Nov      3      2:00s   1:00    D
 301 Rule    NZAQ    1975    1988    -       Oct     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 302 Rule    NZAQ    1989    only    -       Oct      8      2:00s   1:00    D
 303 Rule    NZAQ    1990    2006    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00s   1:00    D
 304 Rule    NZAQ    1975    only    -       Feb     23      2:00s   0       S
 305 Rule    NZAQ    1976    1989    -       Mar     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 306 Rule    NZAQ    1990    2007    -       Mar     Sun>=15      2:00s   0       S
 307 Rule    NZAQ    2007    max     -       Sep     lastSun 2:00s   1:00    D
 308 Rule    NZAQ    2008    max     -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00s   0       S
 309 
 310 # Norway - territories
 311 # Bouvet (never inhabited)
 312 #
 313 # claims
 314 # Peter I Island (never inhabited)
 315 
 316 # Poland - year-round base
 317 # Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
 318 
 319 # Russia - year-round bases
 320 # Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
 321 # Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
 322 # Molodezhnaya, Alasheyev Bay, -6740+04551,
 323 #       year-round from 1962-02 to 1999-07-01
 324 # Novolazarevskaya, Queen Maud Land, -7046+01150,
 325 #       year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
 326 
 327 # Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
 328 # <a href="http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP">
 329 # From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15)</a>:
 330 # Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
 331 # time as Moscow, Russia.
 332 #
 333 # From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
 334 # I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
 335 # what they had to say about time there:
 336 # ``in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
 337 # time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
 338 # 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
 339 # of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
 340 # natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT.''
 341 #
 342 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
 343 # This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
 344 # in person.  He said that some Antartic locations set their local
 345 # time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
 346 # changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
 347 # solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
 348 # happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time
 349 # it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess UTC+6.
 350 #
 351 Zone Antarctica/Vostok  0       -       zzz     1957 Dec 16
 352                         6:00    -       VOST    # Vostok time
 353 
 354 # S Africa - year-round bases
 355 # Marion Island, -4653+03752
 356 # Sanae, -7141-00250
 357 
 358 # UK
 359 #
 360 # British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
 361 # South Orkney Islands
 362 #       scientific station from 1903
 363 #       whaling station at Signy I 1920/1926
 364 # South Shetland Islands
 365 #
 366 # year-round bases
 367 # Bird Island, South Georgia, -5400-03803, since 1983
 368 # Deception Island, -6259-06034, whaling station 1912/1931,
 369 #       scientific station 1943/1967,
 370 #       previously sealers and a scientific expedition wintered by accident,
 371 #       and a garrison was deployed briefly
 372 # Halley, Coates Land, -7535-02604, since 1956-01-06
 373 #       Halley is on a moving ice shelf and is periodically relocated
 374 #       so that it is never more than 10km from its nominal location.
 375 # Rothera, Adelaide Island, -6734-6808, since 1976-12-01
 376 #
 377 # From Paul Eggert (2002-10-22)
 378 # <http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/g.html> says Rothera is -03 all year.
 379 #
 380 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 381 Zone Antarctica/Rothera 0       -       zzz     1976 Dec  1
 382                         -3:00   -       ROTT    # Rothera time
 383 
 384 # Uruguay - year round base
 385 # Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107
 386 
 387 # USA - year-round bases
 388 #
 389 # Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
 390 #
 391 # From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
 392 # It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
 393 # and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
 394 # I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
 395 # Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
 396 # Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
 397 #
 398 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 399 Zone Antarctica/Palmer  0       -       zzz     1965
 400                         -4:00   ArgAQ   AR%sT   1969 Oct 5
 401                         -3:00   ArgAQ   AR%sT   1982 May
 402                         -4:00   ChileAQ CL%sT
 403 #
 404 #
 405 # McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
 406 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 407 Zone Antarctica/McMurdo 0       -       zzz     1956
 408                         12:00   NZAQ    NZ%sT
 409 #
 410 # Amundsen-Scott, South Pole, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
 411 #
 412 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
 413 # Normally it wouldn't have a separate entry, since it's like the
 414 # larger Antarctica/McMurdo since 1970, but it's too famous to omit.
 415 #
 416 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
 417 # Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
 418 # stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station,
 419 # but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
 420 # as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
 421 # which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
 422 # at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 degrees SOUTH.)
 423 #
 424 # From Susan Smith
 425 # http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
 426 # (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300, no longer available):
 427 # We use the same time as McMurdo does.
 428 # And they use the same time as Christchurch, NZ does....
 429 # One last quirk about South Pole time.
 430 # All the electric clocks are usually wrong.
 431 # Something about the generators running at 60.1hertz or something
 432 # makes all of the clocks run fast.  So every couple of days,
 433 # we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
 434 # Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
 435 #
 436 Link    Antarctica/McMurdo      Antarctica/South_Pole