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  22 # questions.
  23 #
  24 # <pre>
  25 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
  26 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
  27 
  28 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
  29 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
  30 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
  31 
  32 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
  33 #
  34 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
  35 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
  36 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
  37 #
  38 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
  39 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
  40 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
  41 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
  42 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
  43 #
  44 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
  45 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
  46 #
  47 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
  48 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
  49 # I found in the UCLA library.
  50 #
  51 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
  52 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
  53 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
  54 #
  55 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
  56 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
  57 #
  58 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
  59 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
  60 # Corrections are welcome!
  61 #            std  dst
  62 #            LMT        Local Mean Time
  63 #       2:00 EET  EEST  Eastern European Time
  64 #       2:00 IST  IDT   Israel
  65 #       3:00 AST  ADT   Arabia*
  66 #       3:30 IRST IRDT  Iran
  67 #       4:00 GST        Gulf*
  68 #       5:30 IST        India
  69 #       7:00 ICT        Indochina*
  70 #       7:00 WIT        west Indonesia
  71 #       8:00 CIT        central Indonesia
  72 #       8:00 CST        China
  73 #       9:00 CJT        Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
  74 #       9:00 EIT        east Indonesia
  75 #       9:00 JST  JDT   Japan
  76 #       9:00 KST  KDT   Korea
  77 #       9:30 CST        (Australian) Central Standard Time
  78 #
  79 # See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
  80 
  81 # From Guy Harris:
  82 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
  83 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
  84 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
  85 # Worldwide Edition).  The names for time zones are guesses.
  86 
  87 ###############################################################################
  88 
  89 # These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.
  90 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
  91 Rule    EUAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  1:00u  1:00    S
  92 Rule    EUAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  93 Rule    EUAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  1:00u  0       -
  94 Rule E-EurAsia  1981    max     -       Mar     lastSun  0:00   1:00    S
  95 Rule E-EurAsia  1979    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  0:00   0       -
  96 Rule E-EurAsia  1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  0:00   0       -
  97 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1984    -       Apr     1        0:00   1:00    S
  98 Rule RussiaAsia 1981    1983    -       Oct     1        0:00   0       -
  99 Rule RussiaAsia 1984    1991    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 100 Rule RussiaAsia 1985    1991    -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 101 Rule RussiaAsia 1992    only    -       Mar     lastSat 23:00   1:00    S
 102 Rule RussiaAsia 1992    only    -       Sep     lastSat 23:00   0       -
 103 Rule RussiaAsia 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun  2:00s  1:00    S
 104 Rule RussiaAsia 1993    1995    -       Sep     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 105 Rule RussiaAsia 1996    max     -       Oct     lastSun  2:00s  0       -
 106 
 107 # Afghanistan
 108 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 109 Zone    Asia/Kabul      4:36:48 -       LMT     1890
 110                         4:00    -       AFT     1945
 111                         4:30    -       AFT
 112 
 113 # Armenia
 114 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 115 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
 116 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
 117 # readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
 118 # when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
 119 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
 120 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
 121 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
 122 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
 123 
 124 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
 125 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
 126 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
 127 
 128 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
 129 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
 130 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
 131 #
 132 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
 133 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
 134 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
 135 # or
 136 # (brief)
 137 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
 138 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 139 Zone    Asia/Yerevan    2:58:00 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 140                         3:00    -       YERT    1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
 141                         4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 142                         3:00    1:00    YERST   1991 Sep 23 # independence
 143                         3:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT   1995 Sep 24 2:00s
 144                         4:00    -       AMT     1997
 145                         4:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT   2012 Mar 25 2:00s
 146                         4:00    -       AMT
 147 
 148 # Azerbaijan
 149 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
 150 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
 151 # Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf
 152 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 153 Rule    Azer    1997    max     -       Mar     lastSun  4:00   1:00    S
 154 Rule    Azer    1997    max     -       Oct     lastSun  5:00   0       -
 155 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 156 Zone    Asia/Baku       3:19:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
 157                         3:00    -       BAKT    1957 Mar    # Baku Time
 158                         4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 159                         3:00    1:00    BAKST   1991 Aug 30 # independence
 160                         3:00 RussiaAsia AZ%sT   1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
 161                         4:00    -       AZT     1996 # Azerbaijan time
 162                         4:00    EUAsia  AZ%sT   1997
 163                         4:00    Azer    AZ%sT
 164 
 165 # Bahrain
 166 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 167 Zone    Asia/Bahrain    3:22:20 -       LMT     1920            # Al Manamah
 168                         4:00    -       GST     1972 Jun
 169                         3:00    -       AST
 170 
 171 # Bangladesh
 172 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
 173 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
 174 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
 175 #
 176 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
 177 # <a href="http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288">
 178 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
 179 # </a>
 180 # or
 181 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html">
 182 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
 183 # </a>
 184 #
 185 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
 186 # June
 187 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
 188 # crippling power crisis. "
 189 #
 190 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
 191 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
 192 
 193 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
 194 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
 195 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
 196 #
 197 # Some sources:
 198 # <a href="http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601">
 199 # http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
 200 # </a>
 201 # <a href="http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2">
 202 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
 203 # </a>
 204 #
 205 # Our wrap-up:
 206 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html">
 207 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
 208 # </a>
 209 
 210 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
 211 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
 212 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
 213 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
 214 #
 215 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
 216 
 217 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
 218 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
 219 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
 220 #
 221 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
 222 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
 223 # <a href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021">
 224 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
 225 # </a>
 226 # or
 227 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html">
 228 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
 229 # </a>
 230 
 231 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
 232 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
 233 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
 234 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
 235 # "continue for an indefinite period."
 236 #
 237 # One of many places where it is published:
 238 # <a href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html">
 239 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
 240 # </a>
 241 
 242 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
 243 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 244 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
 245 #
 246 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
 247 # <a href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228">
 248 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
 249 # </a>
 250 # and
 251 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html">
 252 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
 253 # </a>
 254 #
 255 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
 256 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
 257 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
 258 # Minister's Office last night..."
 259 
 260 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
 261 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
 262 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
 263 # <a href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817">
 264 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
 265 # </a>
 266 # or
 267 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html">
 268 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
 269 # </a>
 270 
 271 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 272 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Jun     19      23:00   1:00    S
 273 Rule    Dhaka   2009    only    -       Dec     31      23:59   0       -
 274 
 275 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 276 Zone    Asia/Dhaka      6:01:40 -       LMT     1890
 277                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 278                         6:30    -       BURT    1942 May 15 # Burma Time
 279                         5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
 280                         6:30    -       BURT    1951 Sep 30
 281                         6:00    -       DACT    1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time
 282                         6:00    -       BDT     2009
 283                         6:00    Dhaka   BD%sT
 284 
 285 # Bhutan
 286 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 287 Zone    Asia/Thimphu    5:58:36 -       LMT     1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
 288                         5:30    -       IST     1987 Oct
 289                         6:00    -       BTT     # Bhutan Time
 290 
 291 # British Indian Ocean Territory
 292 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
 293 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
 294 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
 295 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
 296 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
 297 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 298 Zone    Indian/Chagos   4:49:40 -       LMT     1907
 299                         5:00    -       IOT     1996 # BIOT Time
 300                         6:00    -       IOT
 301 
 302 # Brunei
 303 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 304 Zone    Asia/Brunei     7:39:40 -       LMT     1926 Mar   # Bandar Seri Begawan
 305                         7:30    -       BNT     1933
 306                         8:00    -       BNT
 307 
 308 # Burma / Myanmar
 309 
 310 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
 311 
 312 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 313 Zone    Asia/Rangoon    6:24:40 -       LMT     1880            # or Yangon
 314                         6:24:40 -       RMT     1920       # Rangoon Mean Time?
 315                         6:30    -       BURT    1942 May   # Burma Time
 316                         9:00    -       JST     1945 May 3
 317                         6:30    -       MMT                # Myanmar Time
 318 
 319 # Cambodia
 320 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 321 Zone    Asia/Phnom_Penh 6:59:40 -       LMT     1906 Jun  9
 322                         7:06:20 -       SMT     1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
 323                         7:00    -       ICT     1912 May
 324                         8:00    -       ICT     1931 May
 325                         7:00    -       ICT
 326 
 327 # China
 328 
 329 # From Guy Harris:
 330 # People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
 331 
 332 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 333 # No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
 334 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
 335 # Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
 336 # has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
 337 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
 338 #
 339 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
 340 # painful to suck in another copy..  So, here is what I have for
 341 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
 342 #
 343 #     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
 344 #     1987 mid-April - ??
 345 
 346 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
 347 # CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
 348 # CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
 349 
 350 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 351 # Shanks & Pottenger write that China (except for Hong Kong and Macau)
 352 # has had a single time zone since 1980 May 1, observing summer DST
 353 # from 1986 through 1991; this contradicts Devine's
 354 # note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
 355 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger for now.  I made up names for the other
 356 # pre-1980 time zones.
 357 
 358 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
 359 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 360 Rule    Shang   1940    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    D
 361 Rule    Shang   1940    1941    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       S
 362 Rule    Shang   1941    only    -       Mar     16      0:00    1:00    D
 363 Rule    PRC     1986    only    -       May      4      0:00    1:00    D
 364 Rule    PRC     1986    1991    -       Sep     Sun>=11      0:00    0       S
 365 Rule    PRC     1987    1991    -       Apr     Sun>=10      0:00    1:00    D
 366 
 367 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
 368 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
 369 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
 370 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
 371 #
 372 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
 373 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
 374 # http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
 375 # boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
 376 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
 377 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
 378 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
 379 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
 380 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
 381 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
 382 
 383 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
 384 # I just now checked Google News for western news sources that talk
 385 # about China's single time zone, and couldn't find anything before 1986
 386 # talking about China being in one time zone.  (That article was: Jim
 387 # Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
 388 # time--sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05.  By the way, this
 389 # article confirms the tz database's data claiming that China began
 390 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
 391 #
 392 # From Thomas S. Mullaney (2008-02-11):
 393 # I think you're combining two subjects that need to treated
 394 # separately: daylight savings (which, you're correct, wasn't
 395 # implemented until the 1980s) and the unified time zone centered near
 396 # Beijing (which was implemented in 1949). Briefly, there was also a
 397 # "Lhasa Time" in Tibet and "Urumqi Time" in Xinjiang. The first was
 398 # ceased, and the second eventually recognized (again, in the 1980s).
 399 #
 400 # From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
 401 # There seems to be a good chance China switched to a single time zone in 1949
 402 # rather than in 1980 as Shanks & Pottenger have it, but we don't have a
 403 # reliable documentary source saying so yet, so for now we still go with
 404 # Shanks & Pottenger.
 405 
 406 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 407 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
 408 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
 409 Zone    Asia/Harbin     8:26:44 -       LMT     1928 # or Haerbin
 410                         8:30    -       CHAT    1932 Mar # Changbai Time
 411                         8:00    -       CST     1940
 412                         9:00    -       CHAT    1966 May
 413                         8:30    -       CHAT    1980 May
 414                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 415 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
 416 # most of China
 417 # Milne gives 8:05:56.7; round to nearest.
 418 Zone    Asia/Shanghai   8:05:57 -       LMT     1928
 419                         8:00    Shang   C%sT    1949
 420                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 421 # Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
 422 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
 423 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 424 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 425 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
 426 Zone    Asia/Chongqing  7:06:20 -       LMT     1928 # or Chungking
 427                         7:00    -       LONT    1980 May # Long-shu Time
 428                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 429 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
 430 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
 431 # the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
 432 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
 433 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
 434 # east Xinjiang, including Urumqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
 435 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
 436 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 437 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
 438 Zone    Asia/Urumqi     5:50:20 -       LMT     1928 # or Urumchi
 439                         6:00    -       URUT    1980 May # Urumqi Time
 440                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 441 # Kunlun Time
 442 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 443 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
 444 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
 445 # and Yarkand.
 446 
 447 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
 448 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
 449 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
 450 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
 451 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
 452 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
 453 #
 454 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
 455 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
 456 # hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
 457 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
 458 # local governments such as the Urumqi city government use both times in
 459 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
 460 # "Urumqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
 461 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
 462 #
 463 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
 464 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
 465 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
 466 #
 467 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
 468 # or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with
 469 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
 470 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
 471 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
 472 #
 473 # ...an example of an official website using of Urumqi time.
 474 #
 475 # The first few lines of the Google translation of
 476 # <a href="http://www.fjysgl.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=2379&cid=39">
 477 # http://www.fjysgl.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=2379&cid=39
 478 # </a>
 479 # (retrieved 2009-10-13)
 480 # > Urumqi fire seven people are missing the alleged losses of at least
 481 # > 500 million yuan
 482 # >
 483 # > (Reporter Dong Liu) the day before 20:20 or so (Urumqi Time 18:20),
 484 # > Urumqi City Department of International Plaza Luther Qiantang River
 485 # > burst fire. As of yesterday, 18:30, Urumqi City Fire officers and men
 486 # > have worked continuously for 22 hours...
 487 
 488 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
 489 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
 490 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
 491 #
 492 # 1. Wulumuqi...
 493 # 2. Kashi...
 494 # 3. Urumqi...
 495 # 4. Kashgar...
 496 # ...
 497 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Urumqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
 498 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
 499 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
 500 #
 501 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
 502 # start date for Xinjiang time.
 503 #
 504 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
 505 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
 506 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
 507 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
 508 
 509 Zone    Asia/Kashgar    5:03:56 -       LMT     1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
 510                         5:30    -       KAST    1940     # Kashgar Time
 511                         5:00    -       KAST    1980 May
 512                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 513 
 514 
 515 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
 516 
 517 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
 518 
 519 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
 520 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
 521 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
 522 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
 523 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
 524 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
 525 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
 526 # obtained from
 527 # <a href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm">
 528 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 529 # </a>.
 530 
 531 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
 532 # Here are the dates given at
 533 # <a href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm">
 534 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
 535 # </a>
 536 # as of 2009-10-28:
 537 # Year        Period
 538 # 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
 539 # 1942        Whole year
 540 # 1943        Whole year
 541 # 1944        Whole year
 542 # 1945        Whole year
 543 # 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
 544 # 1947        13 Apr to 30 Dec
 545 # 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
 546 # 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
 547 # 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
 548 # 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
 549 # 1952        6 Apr to 25 Oct
 550 # 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
 551 # 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
 552 # 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 553 # 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 554 # 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 555 # 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
 556 # 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov
 557 # 1960        20 Mar to 6 Nov
 558 # 1961        19 Mar to 5 Nov
 559 # 1962        18 Mar to 4 Nov
 560 # 1963        24 Mar to 3 Nov
 561 # 1964        22 Mar to 1 Nov
 562 # 1965        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 563 # 1966        17 Apr to 16 Oct
 564 # 1967        16 Apr to 22 Oct
 565 # 1968        21 Apr to 20 Oct
 566 # 1969        20 Apr to 19 Oct
 567 # 1970        19 Apr to 18 Oct
 568 # 1971        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 569 # 1972        16 Apr to 22 Oct
 570 # 1973        22 Apr to 21 Oct
 571 # 1973/74     30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
 572 # 1975        20 Apr to 19 Oct
 573 # 1976        18 Apr to 17 Oct
 574 # 1977        Nil
 575 # 1978        Nil
 576 # 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
 577 # 1980 to Now Nil
 578 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
 579 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
 580 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
 581 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
 582 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
 583 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
 584 
 585 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 586 Rule    HK      1941    only    -       Apr     1       3:30    1:00    S
 587 Rule    HK      1941    only    -       Sep     30      3:30    0       -
 588 Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Apr     20      3:30    1:00    S
 589 Rule    HK      1946    only    -       Dec     1       3:30    0       -
 590 Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Apr     13      3:30    1:00    S
 591 Rule    HK      1947    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    0       -
 592 Rule    HK      1948    only    -       May     2       3:30    1:00    S
 593 Rule    HK      1948    1951    -       Oct     lastSun 3:30    0       -
 594 Rule    HK      1952    only    -       Oct     25      3:30    0       -
 595 Rule    HK      1949    1953    -       Apr     Sun>=1       3:30    1:00    S
 596 Rule    HK      1953    only    -       Nov     1       3:30    0       -
 597 Rule    HK      1954    1964    -       Mar     Sun>=18      3:30    1:00    S
 598 Rule    HK      1954    only    -       Oct     31      3:30    0       -
 599 Rule    HK      1955    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       -
 600 Rule    HK      1965    1976    -       Apr     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    S
 601 Rule    HK      1965    1976    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 602 Rule    HK      1973    only    -       Dec     30      3:30    1:00    S
 603 Rule    HK      1979    only    -       May     Sun>=8       3:30    1:00    S
 604 Rule    HK      1979    only    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 605 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 606 Zone    Asia/Hong_Kong  7:36:42 -       LMT     1904 Oct 30
 607                         8:00    HK      HK%sT   1941 Dec 25
 608                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 15
 609                         8:00    HK      HK%sT
 610 
 611 ###############################################################################
 612 
 613 # Taiwan
 614 
 615 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
 616 # was still controlled by Japan.  This is hard to believe, but we don't
 617 # have any other information.
 618 
 619 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
 620 # According to Taiwan's CWB,
 621 # <a href="http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm">
 622 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
 623 # </a>
 624 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
 625 
 626 # From Arthur David Olson (2010-04-07):
 627 # Here's Google's translation of the table at the bottom of the "summert.htm" page:
 628 # Decade                                                            Name                      Start and end date
 629 # Republic of China 34 years to 40 years (AD 1945-1951 years) Summer Time               May 1 to September 30
 630 # 41 years of the Republic of China (AD 1952)                 Daylight Saving Time      March 1 to October 31
 631 # Republic of China 42 years to 43 years (AD 1953-1954 years) Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to October 31
 632 # In the 44 years to 45 years (AD 1955-1956 years)            Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30
 633 # Republic of China 46 years to 48 years (AD 1957-1959)       Summer Time               April 1 to September 30
 634 # Republic of China 49 years to 50 years (AD 1960-1961)       Summer Time               June 1 to September 30
 635 # Republic of China 51 years to 62 years (AD 1962-1973 years) Stop Summer Time
 636 # Republic of China 63 years to 64 years (1974-1975 AD)       Daylight Saving Time      April 1 to September 30
 637 # Republic of China 65 years to 67 years (1976-1978 AD)       Stop Daylight Saving Time
 638 # Republic of China 68 years (AD 1979)                        Daylight Saving Time      July 1 to September 30
 639 # Republic of China since 69 years (AD 1980)                  Stop Daylight Saving Time
 640 
 641 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 642 Rule    Taiwan  1945    1951    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    D
 643 Rule    Taiwan  1945    1951    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 644 Rule    Taiwan  1952    only    -       Mar     1       0:00    1:00    D
 645 Rule    Taiwan  1952    1954    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       S
 646 Rule    Taiwan  1953    1959    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
 647 Rule    Taiwan  1955    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 648 Rule    Taiwan  1960    1961    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    D
 649 Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
 650 Rule    Taiwan  1974    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
 651 Rule    Taiwan  1979    only    -       Jun     30      0:00    1:00    D
 652 Rule    Taiwan  1979    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       S
 653 
 654 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 655 Zone    Asia/Taipei     8:06:00 -       LMT     1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
 656                         8:00    Taiwan  C%sT
 657 
 658 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
 659 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 660 Rule    Macau   1961    1962    -       Mar     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    S
 661 Rule    Macau   1961    1964    -       Nov     Sun>=1       3:30    0       -
 662 Rule    Macau   1963    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    S
 663 Rule    Macau   1964    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    S
 664 Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Mar     Sun>=16      0:00    1:00    S
 665 Rule    Macau   1965    only    -       Oct     31      0:00    0       -
 666 Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Apr     Sun>=16      3:30    1:00    S
 667 Rule    Macau   1966    1971    -       Oct     Sun>=16      3:30    0       -
 668 Rule    Macau   1972    1974    -       Apr     Sun>=15      0:00    1:00    S
 669 Rule    Macau   1972    1973    -       Oct     Sun>=15      0:00    0       -
 670 Rule    Macau   1974    1977    -       Oct     Sun>=15      3:30    0       -
 671 Rule    Macau   1975    1977    -       Apr     Sun>=15      3:30    1:00    S
 672 Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=15      0:00    1:00    S
 673 Rule    Macau   1978    1980    -       Oct     Sun>=15      0:00    0       -
 674 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 675 Zone    Asia/Macau      7:34:20 -       LMT     1912
 676                         8:00    Macau   MO%sT   1999 Dec 20 # return to China
 677                         8:00    PRC     C%sT
 678 
 679 
 680 ###############################################################################
 681 
 682 # Cyprus
 683 #
 684 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
 685 #
 686 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 687 Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Apr     13      0:00    1:00    S
 688 Rule    Cyprus  1975    only    -       Oct     12      0:00    0       -
 689 Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    S
 690 Rule    Cyprus  1976    only    -       Oct     11      0:00    0       -
 691 Rule    Cyprus  1977    1980    -       Apr     Sun>=1       0:00    1:00    S
 692 Rule    Cyprus  1977    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
 693 Rule    Cyprus  1978    only    -       Oct     2       0:00    0       -
 694 Rule    Cyprus  1979    1997    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
 695 Rule    Cyprus  1981    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
 696 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 697 Zone    Asia/Nicosia    2:13:28 -       LMT     1921 Nov 14
 698                         2:00    Cyprus  EE%sT   1998 Sep
 699                         2:00    EUAsia  EE%sT
 700 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
 701 
 702 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
 703 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
 704 Link    Asia/Nicosia    Europe/Nicosia
 705 
 706 # Georgia
 707 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
 708 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
 709 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
 710 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
 711 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
 712 #
 713 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
 714 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
 715 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
 716 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
 717 #
 718 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
 719 #
 720 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
 721 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
 722 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
 723 # ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
 724 # Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
 725 # of integration into Europe.
 726 
 727 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
 728 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
 729 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
 730 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
 731 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
 732 # about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
 733 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
 734 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
 735 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
 736 
 737 
 738 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 739 Zone    Asia/Tbilisi    2:59:16 -       LMT     1880
 740                         2:59:16 -       TBMT    1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
 741                         3:00    -       TBIT    1957 Mar    # Tbilisi Time
 742                         4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 743                         3:00    1:00    TBIST   1991 Apr  9 # independence
 744                         3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT   1992 # Georgia Time
 745                         3:00 E-EurAsia  GE%sT   1994 Sep lastSun
 746                         4:00 E-EurAsia  GE%sT   1996 Oct lastSun
 747                         4:00    1:00    GEST    1997 Mar lastSun
 748                         4:00 E-EurAsia  GE%sT   2004 Jun 27
 749                         3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT   2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
 750                         4:00    -       GET
 751 
 752 # East Timor
 753 
 754 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
 755 
 756 # From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
 757 # <a href="http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm">
 758 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
 759 # </a> (1999-12-26/31):
 760 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
 761 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
 762 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
 763 # conflicts with their way of life.
 764 
 765 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
 766 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
 767 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
 768 
 769 # <a href="http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/last/00-08-16.undh.html">
 770 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
 771 # (2000-08-16)</a>:
 772 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
 773 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
 774 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
 775 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
 776 
 777 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 778 Zone    Asia/Dili       8:22:20 -       LMT     1912
 779                         8:00    -       TLT     1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
 780                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 23
 781                         9:00    -       TLT     1976 May  3
 782                         8:00    -       CIT     2000 Sep 17 00:00
 783                         9:00    -       TLT
 784 
 785 # India
 786 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 787 Zone    Asia/Kolkata    5:53:28 -       LMT     1880    # Kolkata
 788                         5:53:20 -       HMT     1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
 789                         6:30    -       BURT    1942 May 15 # Burma Time
 790                         5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
 791                         5:30    1:00    IST     1945 Oct 15
 792                         5:30    -       IST
 793 # The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
 794 #       Andaman Is
 795 #       Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
 796 #       Nicobar Is
 797 
 798 # Indonesia
 799 #
 800 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
 801 # <http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime>
 802 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
 803 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
 804 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
 805 #
 806 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
 807 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
 808 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
 809 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
 810 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
 811 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
 812 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
 813 # Regimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Editions
 814 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
 815 # from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
 816 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
 817 # switched on 1945-09-23.
 818 #
 819 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 820 Zone Asia/Jakarta       7:07:12 -       LMT     1867 Aug 10
 821 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
 822 # but this must be a typo.
 823                         7:07:12 -       JMT     1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
 824                         7:20    -       JAVT    1932 Nov         # Java Time
 825                         7:30    -       WIT     1942 Mar 23
 826                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 23
 827                         7:30    -       WIT     1948 May
 828                         8:00    -       WIT     1950 May
 829                         7:30    -       WIT     1964
 830                         7:00    -       WIT
 831 Zone Asia/Pontianak     7:17:20 -       LMT     1908 May
 832                         7:17:20 -       PMT     1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
 833                         7:30    -       WIT     1942 Jan 29
 834                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 23
 835                         7:30    -       WIT     1948 May
 836                         8:00    -       WIT     1950 May
 837                         7:30    -       WIT     1964
 838                         8:00    -       CIT     1988 Jan  1
 839                         7:00    -       WIT
 840 Zone Asia/Makassar      7:57:36 -       LMT     1920
 841                         7:57:36 -       MMT     1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
 842                         8:00    -       CIT     1942 Feb  9
 843                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 23
 844                         8:00    -       CIT
 845 Zone Asia/Jayapura      9:22:48 -       LMT     1932 Nov
 846                         9:00    -       EIT     1944 Sep  1
 847                         9:30    -       CST     1964
 848                         9:00    -       EIT
 849 
 850 # Iran
 851 
 852 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
 853 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
 854 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
 855 #
 856 #       Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
 857 #       No. 16760/T233 H                                1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
 858 #
 859 #       The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
 860 #
 861 #       The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
 862 #       based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
 863 #       of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
 864 #       and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
 865 #       and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
 866 #       for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
 867 #
 868 #       The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
 869 #       at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
 870 #       to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
 871 #       Shahrivar.
 872 #
 873 #       First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
 874 #
 875 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
 876 # for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
 877 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
 878 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
 879 # I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
 880 # here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
 881 #
 882 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
 883 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
 884 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
 885 # leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
 886 # plan to change that law....
 887 #
 888 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
 889 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
 890 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
 891 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
 892 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
 893 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
 894 #
 895 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
 896 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
 897 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
 898 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
 899 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
 900 # known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
 901 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
 902 # no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
 903 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
 904 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
 905 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
 906 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
 907 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
 908 #
 909 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
 910 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
 911 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
 912 #
 913 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Norgaard Welen:
 914 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
 915 # daylight saving time ...
 916 # http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
 917 #
 918 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
 919 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
 920 # Iran, Volume 63, Number 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
 921 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
 922 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
 923 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
 924 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
 925 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
 926 #
 927 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
 928 Rule    Iran    1978    1980    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 929 Rule    Iran    1978    only    -       Oct     21      0:00    0       S
 930 Rule    Iran    1979    only    -       Sep     19      0:00    0       S
 931 Rule    Iran    1980    only    -       Sep     23      0:00    0       S
 932 Rule    Iran    1991    only    -       May      3      0:00    1:00    D
 933 Rule    Iran    1992    1995    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 934 Rule    Iran    1991    1995    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 935 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 936 Rule    Iran    1996    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 937 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 938 Rule    Iran    1997    1999    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 939 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 940 Rule    Iran    2000    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 941 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 942 Rule    Iran    2001    2003    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 943 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 944 Rule    Iran    2004    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 945 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 946 Rule    Iran    2005    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 947 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 948 Rule    Iran    2008    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 949 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 950 Rule    Iran    2009    2011    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 951 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 952 Rule    Iran    2012    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 953 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 954 Rule    Iran    2013    2015    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 955 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 956 Rule    Iran    2016    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 957 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 958 Rule    Iran    2017    2019    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 959 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 960 Rule    Iran    2020    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 961 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 962 Rule    Iran    2021    2023    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 963 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 964 Rule    Iran    2024    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 965 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 966 Rule    Iran    2025    2027    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 967 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 968 Rule    Iran    2028    2029    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 969 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 970 Rule    Iran    2030    2031    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 971 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 972 Rule    Iran    2032    2033    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 973 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    D
 974 Rule    Iran    2034    2035    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
 975 Rule    Iran    2036    2037    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
 976 Rule    Iran    2036    2037    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       S
 977 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
 978 Zone    Asia/Tehran     3:25:44 -       LMT     1916
 979                         3:25:44 -       TMT     1946    # Tehran Mean Time
 980                         3:30    -       IRST    1977 Nov
 981                         4:00    Iran    IR%sT   1979
 982                         3:30    Iran    IR%sT
 983 
 984 
 985 # Iraq
 986 #
 987 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
 988 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
 989 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
 990 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
 991 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
 992 #
 993 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
 994 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
 995 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
 996 # to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
 997 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
 998 #
 999 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1000 
1001 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1002 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1003 # news sources (in Arabic):
1004 # <a href="http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html">
1005 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1006 # </a>
1007 # <a href="http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10">
1008 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1009 # </a>
1010 #
1011 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1012 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html">
1013 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1014 # </a>
1015 
1016 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1017 Rule    Iraq    1982    only    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    D
1018 Rule    Iraq    1982    1984    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       S
1019 Rule    Iraq    1983    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    D
1020 Rule    Iraq    1984    1985    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    D
1021 Rule    Iraq    1985    1990    -       Sep     lastSun 1:00s   0       S
1022 Rule    Iraq    1986    1990    -       Mar     lastSun 1:00s   1:00    D
1023 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
1024 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1025 #
1026 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Apr      1      3:00s   1:00    D
1027 Rule    Iraq    1991    2007    -       Oct      1      3:00s   0       S
1028 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1029 Zone    Asia/Baghdad    2:57:40 -       LMT     1890
1030                         2:57:36 -       BMT     1918        # Baghdad Mean Time?
1031                         3:00    -       AST     1982 May
1032                         3:00    Iraq    A%sT
1033 
1034 
1035 ###############################################################################
1036 
1037 # Israel
1038 
1039 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1040 #
1041 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
1042 # different abbreviations in use:
1043 #
1044 # JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1045 # IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1046 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1047 #
1048 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1049 # I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1050 # EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1051 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1052 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1053 # settings in Israeli computers.
1054 #
1055 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1056 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1057 # family is from India).
1058 
1059 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1060 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1061 Rule    Zion    1940    only    -       Jun      1      0:00    1:00    D
1062 Rule    Zion    1942    1944    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
1063 Rule    Zion    1943    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1064 Rule    Zion    1944    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1065 Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
1066 Rule    Zion    1945    only    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
1067 Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Apr     16      2:00    1:00    D
1068 Rule    Zion    1946    only    -       Nov      1      0:00    0       S
1069 Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       May     23      0:00    2:00    DD
1070 Rule    Zion    1948    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    1:00    D
1071 Rule    Zion    1948    1949    -       Nov      1      2:00    0       S
1072 Rule    Zion    1949    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    D
1073 Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Apr     16      0:00    1:00    D
1074 Rule    Zion    1950    only    -       Sep     15      3:00    0       S
1075 Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1076 Rule    Zion    1951    only    -       Nov     11      3:00    0       S
1077 Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Apr     20      2:00    1:00    D
1078 Rule    Zion    1952    only    -       Oct     19      3:00    0       S
1079 Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Apr     12      2:00    1:00    D
1080 Rule    Zion    1953    only    -       Sep     13      3:00    0       S
1081 Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Jun     13      0:00    1:00    D
1082 Rule    Zion    1954    only    -       Sep     12      0:00    0       S
1083 Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Jun     11      2:00    1:00    D
1084 Rule    Zion    1955    only    -       Sep     11      0:00    0       S
1085 Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Jun      3      0:00    1:00    D
1086 Rule    Zion    1956    only    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       S
1087 Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    D
1088 Rule    Zion    1957    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       S
1089 Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Jul      7      0:00    1:00    D
1090 Rule    Zion    1974    only    -       Oct     13      0:00    0       S
1091 Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Apr     20      0:00    1:00    D
1092 Rule    Zion    1975    only    -       Aug     31      0:00    0       S
1093 Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Apr     14      0:00    1:00    D
1094 Rule    Zion    1985    only    -       Sep     15      0:00    0       S
1095 Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       May     18      0:00    1:00    D
1096 Rule    Zion    1986    only    -       Sep      7      0:00    0       S
1097 Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    D
1098 Rule    Zion    1987    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
1099 Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Apr      9      0:00    1:00    D
1100 Rule    Zion    1988    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1101 
1102 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1103 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1104 # and 2005-02-17):
1105 
1106 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1107 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1108 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1109 # days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
1110 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1111 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1112 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1113 # time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1114 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1115 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
1116 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1117 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1118 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1119 # 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1120 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1121 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
1122 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1123 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1124 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1125 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1126 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1127 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1128 
1129 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1130 Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    D
1131 Rule    Zion    1989    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1132 Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Mar     25      0:00    1:00    D
1133 Rule    Zion    1990    only    -       Aug     26      0:00    0       S
1134 Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Mar     24      0:00    1:00    D
1135 Rule    Zion    1991    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       S
1136 Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Mar     29      0:00    1:00    D
1137 Rule    Zion    1992    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
1138 Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Apr      2      0:00    1:00    D
1139 Rule    Zion    1993    only    -       Sep      5      0:00    0       S
1140 
1141 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1142 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
1143 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1144 
1145 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1146 Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    D
1147 Rule    Zion    1994    only    -       Aug     28      0:00    0       S
1148 Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Mar     31      0:00    1:00    D
1149 Rule    Zion    1995    only    -       Sep      3      0:00    0       S
1150 
1151 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1152 # time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1153 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1154 #
1155 #   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1156 #
1157 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1158 #
1159 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1160 #
1161 #   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1162 #
1163 #       where YYYY is the relevant year.
1164 
1165 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1166 Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Mar     15      0:00    1:00    D
1167 Rule    Zion    1996    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       S
1168 Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Mar     21      0:00    1:00    D
1169 Rule    Zion    1997    only    -       Sep     14      0:00    0       S
1170 Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Mar     20      0:00    1:00    D
1171 Rule    Zion    1998    only    -       Sep      6      0:00    0       S
1172 Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Apr      2      2:00    1:00    D
1173 Rule    Zion    1999    only    -       Sep      3      2:00    0       S
1174 
1175 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1176 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1177 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1178 #
1179 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1180 #
1181 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1182 #
1183 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1184 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1185 #
1186 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1187 
1188 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1189 Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Apr     14      2:00    1:00    D
1190 Rule    Zion    2000    only    -       Oct      6      1:00    0       S
1191 Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Apr      9      1:00    1:00    D
1192 Rule    Zion    2001    only    -       Sep     24      1:00    0       S
1193 Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Mar     29      1:00    1:00    D
1194 Rule    Zion    2002    only    -       Oct      7      1:00    0       S
1195 Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Mar     28      1:00    1:00    D
1196 Rule    Zion    2003    only    -       Oct      3      1:00    0       S
1197 Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Apr      7      1:00    1:00    D
1198 Rule    Zion    2004    only    -       Sep     22      1:00    0       S
1199 
1200 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1201 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1202 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1203 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1204 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1205 #
1206 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1207 #
1208 #       ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1209 
1210 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1211 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1212 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1213 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1214 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1215 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1216 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1217 #
1218 # Rule  Zion    2005    2012    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1219 #
1220 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1221 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1222 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1223 
1224 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1225 Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1226 Rule    Zion    2005    only    -       Oct      9      2:00    0       S
1227 Rule    Zion    2006    2010    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1228 Rule    Zion    2006    only    -       Oct      1      2:00    0       S
1229 Rule    Zion    2007    only    -       Sep     16      2:00    0       S
1230 Rule    Zion    2008    only    -       Oct      5      2:00    0       S
1231 Rule    Zion    2009    only    -       Sep     27      2:00    0       S
1232 Rule    Zion    2010    only    -       Sep     12      2:00    0       S
1233 Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Apr      1      2:00    1:00    D
1234 Rule    Zion    2011    only    -       Oct      2      2:00    0       S
1235 Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Mar     Fri>=26      2:00    1:00    D
1236 Rule    Zion    2012    only    -       Sep     23      2:00    0       S
1237 
1238 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2012-10-18):
1239 # Yesterday, the Interior Ministry Committee, after more than a year
1240 # past, approved sending the proposed June 2011 changes to the Time
1241 # Decree Law back to the Knesset for second and third (final) votes
1242 # before the upcoming elections on Jan. 22, 2013.  Hence, although the
1243 # changes are not yet law, they are expected to be so before February 2013.
1244 #
1245 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday in March.
1246 # DST ends at 02:00 on the first Sunday after October 1, unless it occurs on the
1247 # second day of the Jewish Rosh Hashana holiday, in which case DST ends a day
1248 # later (i.e. at 02:00 the first Monday after October 2).
1249 # [Rosh Hashana holidays are factored in until 2100.]
1250 
1251 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2012-11-05):
1252 # The Knesset passed today (in second and final readings) the amendment to the
1253 # Time Decree Law making the changes ... law.
1254 
1255 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1256 Rule    Zion    2013    max     -       Mar     Fri>=23      2:00    1:00    D
1257 Rule    Zion    2013    2026    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00    0       S
1258 Rule    Zion    2027    only    -       Oct     Mon>=3       2:00    0       S
1259 Rule    Zion    2028    max     -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00    0       S
1260 # The following rules are commented out for now, as they break older
1261 # versions of zic that support only signed 32-bit timestamps, i.e.,
1262 # through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC.
1263 #Rule   Zion    2028    2053    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00    0       S
1264 #Rule   Zion    2054    only    -       Oct     Mon>=3       2:00    0       S
1265 #Rule   Zion    2055    2080    -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00    0       S
1266 #Rule   Zion    2081    only    -       Oct     Mon>=3       2:00    0       S
1267 #Rule   Zion    2082    max     -       Oct     Sun>=2       2:00    0       S
1268 
1269 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1270 Zone    Asia/Jerusalem  2:20:56 -       LMT     1880
1271                         2:20:40 -       JMT     1918    # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1272                         2:00    Zion    I%sT
1273 
1274 
1275 
1276 ###############################################################################
1277 
1278 # Japan
1279 
1280 # `9:00' and `JST' is from Guy Harris.
1281 
1282 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1283 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1284 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but ``the system was discontinued
1285 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours.''
1286 
1287 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times
1288 # <http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm>:
1289 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1290 # [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1291 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1292 # deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1293 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1294 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1295 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1296 # wanted to keep it.)
1297 
1298 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1299 # Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
1300 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1301 Rule    Japan   1948    only    -       May     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    D
1302 Rule    Japan   1948    1951    -       Sep     Sat>=8       2:00    0       S
1303 Rule    Japan   1949    only    -       Apr     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    D
1304 Rule    Japan   1950    1951    -       May     Sun>=1       2:00    1:00    D
1305 # but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
1306 # their audience is astrologers) were US military bases.  For now, assume
1307 # that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
1308 # would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
1309 
1310 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1311 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1312 # Observatory: E 139 44' 40".90 (9h 18m 58s.727), N 35 39' 16".0.
1313 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1314 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1315 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1316 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1317 
1318 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1319 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1320 # which stands for the time on E 135 degree.
1321 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1322 # standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1323 # time", which stands for the time on E 120 degree....  But "western standard
1324 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
1325 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1326 # standard....
1327 #
1328 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1329 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1330 
1331 # Shanks & Pottenger claim JST in use since 1896, and that a few
1332 # places (e.g. Ishigaki) use +0800; go with Suzuki.  Guess that all
1333 # ordinances took effect on Jan 1.
1334 
1335 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1336 Zone    Asia/Tokyo      9:18:59 -       LMT     1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1337                         9:00    -       JST     1896
1338                         9:00    -       CJT     1938
1339                         9:00    Japan   J%sT
1340 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1341 
1342 # Jordan
1343 #
1344 # From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html">
1345 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1346 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1347 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1348 # all year round.
1349 #
1350 # From <a href="http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html">
1351 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) </a> via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1352 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1353 # by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1354 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1355 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1356 #
1357 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1358 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1359 #
1360 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1361 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1362 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1363 #
1364 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1365 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1366 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1367 #
1368 
1369 # From Phil Pizzey (2009-04-02):
1370 # ...I think I may have spotted an error in the timezone data for
1371 # Jordan.
1372 # The current (2009d) asia file shows Jordan going to daylight
1373 # saving
1374 # time on the last Thursday in March.
1375 #
1376 # Rule  Jordan      2000  max   -  Mar   lastThu     0:00s 1:00  S
1377 #
1378 # However timeanddate.com, which I usually find reliable, shows Jordan
1379 # going to daylight saving time on the last Friday in March since 2002.
1380 # Please see
1381 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=11">
1382 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=11
1383 # </a>
1384 
1385 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1386 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1387 # <a href="http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279">
1388 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1389 # </a>
1390 #
1391 # Google's translation:
1392 #
1393 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1394 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1395 # > of the month of March of each year.
1396 #
1397 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1398 
1399 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1400 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1401 
1402 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1403 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1404 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1405 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1406 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1407 #
1408 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-25):
1409 # For now, assume this is just a one-year measure.  If it becomes
1410 # permanent, we should move Jordan from EET to AST effective tomorrow.
1411 
1412 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1413 Rule    Jordan  1973    only    -       Jun     6       0:00    1:00    S
1414 Rule    Jordan  1973    1975    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1415 Rule    Jordan  1974    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
1416 Rule    Jordan  1976    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
1417 Rule    Jordan  1977    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1418 Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
1419 Rule    Jordan  1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
1420 Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    S
1421 Rule    Jordan  1985    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1422 Rule    Jordan  1986    1988    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
1423 Rule    Jordan  1986    1990    -       Oct     Fri>=1       0:00    0       -
1424 Rule    Jordan  1989    only    -       May     8       0:00    1:00    S
1425 Rule    Jordan  1990    only    -       Apr     27      0:00    1:00    S
1426 Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Apr     17      0:00    1:00    S
1427 Rule    Jordan  1991    only    -       Sep     27      0:00    0       -
1428 Rule    Jordan  1992    only    -       Apr     10      0:00    1:00    S
1429 Rule    Jordan  1992    1993    -       Oct     Fri>=1       0:00    0       -
1430 Rule    Jordan  1993    1998    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
1431 Rule    Jordan  1994    only    -       Sep     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
1432 Rule    Jordan  1995    1998    -       Sep     Fri>=15      0:00s   0       -
1433 Rule    Jordan  1999    only    -       Jul      1      0:00s   1:00    S
1434 Rule    Jordan  1999    2002    -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1435 Rule    Jordan  2000    2001    -       Mar     lastThu 0:00s   1:00    S
1436 Rule    Jordan  2002    max     -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
1437 Rule    Jordan  2003    only    -       Oct     24      0:00s   0       -
1438 Rule    Jordan  2004    only    -       Oct     15      0:00s   0       -
1439 Rule    Jordan  2005    only    -       Sep     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1440 Rule    Jordan  2006    2011    -       Oct     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1441 Rule    Jordan  2013    max     -       Oct     lastFri 0:00s   0       -
1442 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1443 Zone    Asia/Amman      2:23:44 -       LMT     1931
1444                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT
1445 
1446 
1447 # Kazakhstan
1448 
1449 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1450 # Andrew Evtichov (1996-04-13) writes that Kazakhstan
1451 # stayed in sync with Moscow after 1990, and that Aqtobe (formerly Aktyubinsk)
1452 # and Aqtau (formerly Shevchenko) are the largest cities in their zones.
1453 # Guess that Aqtau and Aqtobe diverged in 1995, since that's the first time
1454 # IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
1455 
1456 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1457 # German Iofis, ELSI, Almaty (2001-10-09) reports that Kazakhstan uses
1458 # RussiaAsia rules, instead of switching at 00:00 as the IATA has it.
1459 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger, who have them always using RussiaAsia rules.
1460 # Also go with the following claims of Shanks & Pottenger:
1461 #
1462 # - Kazakhstan did not observe DST in 1991.
1463 # - Qyzylorda switched from +5:00 to +6:00 on 1992-01-19 02:00.
1464 # - Oral switched from +5:00 to +4:00 in spring 1989.
1465 
1466 # <a href="http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm">
1467 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin #11 (2005-03-21):
1468 # </a>
1469 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1470 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1471 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1472 #
1473 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1474 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1475 # was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1476 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
1477 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1478 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtobe, Atyrau,
1479 # Mangghystau, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
1480 # everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
1481 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
1482 
1483 #
1484 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1485 #
1486 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
1487 Zone    Asia/Almaty     5:07:48 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
1488                         5:00    -       ALMT    1930 Jun 21 # Alma-Ata Time
1489                         6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT  1991
1490                         6:00    -       ALMT    1992
1491                         6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT  2005 Mar 15
1492                         6:00    -       ALMT
1493 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.)
1494 Zone    Asia/Qyzylorda  4:21:52 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1495                         4:00    -       KIZT    1930 Jun 21 # Kizilorda Time
1496                         5:00    -       KIZT    1981 Apr  1
1497                         5:00    1:00    KIZST   1981 Oct  1
1498                         6:00    -       KIZT    1982 Apr  1
1499                         5:00 RussiaAsia KIZ%sT  1991
1500                         5:00    -       KIZT    1991 Dec 16 # independence
1501                         5:00    -       QYZT    1992 Jan 19 2:00
1502                         6:00 RussiaAsia QYZ%sT  2005 Mar 15
1503                         6:00    -       QYZT
1504 # Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Akt'ubinsk)
1505 Zone    Asia/Aqtobe     3:48:40 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1506                         4:00    -       AKTT    1930 Jun 21 # Aktyubinsk Time
1507                         5:00    -       AKTT    1981 Apr  1
1508                         5:00    1:00    AKTST   1981 Oct  1
1509                         6:00    -       AKTT    1982 Apr  1
1510                         5:00 RussiaAsia AKT%sT  1991
1511                         5:00    -       AKTT    1991 Dec 16 # independence
1512                         5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT  2005 Mar 15 # Aqtobe Time
1513                         5:00    -       AQTT
1514 # Mangghystau
1515 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
1516 # so include time stamps before 1963.
1517 Zone    Asia/Aqtau      3:21:04 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1518                         4:00    -       FORT    1930 Jun 21 # Fort Shevchenko T
1519                         5:00    -       FORT    1963
1520                         5:00    -       SHET    1981 Oct  1 # Shevchenko Time
1521                         6:00    -       SHET    1982 Apr  1
1522                         5:00 RussiaAsia SHE%sT  1991
1523                         5:00    -       SHET    1991 Dec 16 # independence
1524                         5:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT  1995 Mar lastSun 2:00 # Aqtau Time
1525                         4:00 RussiaAsia AQT%sT  2005 Mar 15
1526                         5:00    -       AQTT
1527 # West Kazakhstan
1528 Zone    Asia/Oral       3:25:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
1529                         4:00    -       URAT    1930 Jun 21 # Ural'sk time
1530                         5:00    -       URAT    1981 Apr  1
1531                         5:00    1:00    URAST   1981 Oct  1
1532                         6:00    -       URAT    1982 Apr  1
1533                         5:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT  1989 Mar 26 2:00
1534                         4:00 RussiaAsia URA%sT  1991
1535                         4:00    -       URAT    1991 Dec 16 # independence
1536                         4:00 RussiaAsia ORA%sT  2005 Mar 15 # Oral Time
1537                         5:00    -       ORAT
1538 
1539 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
1540 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
1541 
1542 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
1543 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
1544 # <http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml>
1545 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
1546 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
1547 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
1548 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
1549 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
1550 
1551 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1552 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Apr     Sun>=7       0:00s   1:00    S
1553 Rule    Kyrgyz  1992    1996    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1554 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2005    -       Mar     lastSun 2:30    1:00    S
1555 Rule    Kyrgyz  1997    2004    -       Oct     lastSun 2:30    0       -
1556 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1557 Zone    Asia/Bishkek    4:58:24 -       LMT     1924 May  2
1558                         5:00    -       FRUT    1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
1559                         6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1560                         5:00    1:00    FRUST   1991 Aug 31 2:00 # independence
1561                         5:00    Kyrgyz  KG%sT   2005 Aug 12    # Kyrgyzstan Time
1562                         6:00    -       KGT
1563 
1564 ###############################################################################
1565 
1566 # Korea (North and South)
1567 
1568 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10) in
1569 # <http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/SITE/data/html_dir/2006/07/10/200607100012.asp>:
1570 # The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy has already
1571 # commissioned a research project [to reintroduce DST] and has said
1572 # the system may begin as early as 2008....  Korea ran a daylight
1573 # saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it during the 1950-53 Korean War.
1574 
1575 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1576 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1577 Rule    ROK     1960    only    -       May     15      0:00    1:00    D
1578 Rule    ROK     1960    only    -       Sep     13      0:00    0       S
1579 Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       May     Sun>=8       0:00    1:00    D
1580 Rule    ROK     1987    1988    -       Oct     Sun>=8       0:00    0       S
1581 
1582 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1583 Zone    Asia/Seoul      8:27:52 -       LMT     1890
1584                         8:30    -       KST     1904 Dec
1585                         9:00    -       KST     1928
1586                         8:30    -       KST     1932
1587                         9:00    -       KST     1954 Mar 21
1588                         8:00    ROK     K%sT    1961 Aug 10
1589                         8:30    -       KST     1968 Oct
1590                         9:00    ROK     K%sT
1591 Zone    Asia/Pyongyang  8:23:00 -       LMT     1890
1592                         8:30    -       KST     1904 Dec
1593                         9:00    -       KST     1928
1594                         8:30    -       KST     1932
1595                         9:00    -       KST     1954 Mar 21
1596                         8:00    -       KST     1961 Aug 10
1597                         9:00    -       KST
1598 
1599 ###############################################################################
1600 
1601 # Kuwait
1602 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1603 # From the Arab Times (2007-03-14):
1604 # The Civil Service Commission (CSC) has approved a proposal forwarded
1605 # by MP Ahmad Baqer on implementing the daylight saving time (DST) in
1606 # Kuwait starting from April until the end of Sept this year, reports Al-Anba.
1607 # <http://www.arabtimesonline.com/arabtimes/kuwait/Viewdet.asp?ID=9950>.
1608 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
1609 # We don't know the details, or whether the approval means it'll happen,
1610 # so for now we assume no DST.
1611 Zone    Asia/Kuwait     3:11:56 -       LMT     1950
1612                         3:00    -       AST
1613 
1614 # Laos
1615 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1616 Zone    Asia/Vientiane  6:50:24 -       LMT     1906 Jun  9 # or Viangchan
1617                         7:06:20 -       SMT     1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
1618                         7:00    -       ICT     1912 May
1619                         8:00    -       ICT     1931 May
1620                         7:00    -       ICT
1621 
1622 # Lebanon
1623 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1624 Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Mar     28      0:00    1:00    S
1625 Rule    Lebanon 1920    only    -       Oct     25      0:00    0       -
1626 Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Apr     3       0:00    1:00    S
1627 Rule    Lebanon 1921    only    -       Oct     3       0:00    0       -
1628 Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
1629 Rule    Lebanon 1922    only    -       Oct     8       0:00    0       -
1630 Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Apr     22      0:00    1:00    S
1631 Rule    Lebanon 1923    only    -       Sep     16      0:00    0       -
1632 Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
1633 Rule    Lebanon 1957    1961    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1634 Rule    Lebanon 1972    only    -       Jun     22      0:00    1:00    S
1635 Rule    Lebanon 1972    1977    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1636 Rule    Lebanon 1973    1977    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
1637 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Apr     30      0:00    1:00    S
1638 Rule    Lebanon 1978    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
1639 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1987    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
1640 Rule    Lebanon 1984    1991    -       Oct     16      0:00    0       -
1641 Rule    Lebanon 1988    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
1642 Rule    Lebanon 1989    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
1643 Rule    Lebanon 1990    1992    -       May     1       0:00    1:00    S
1644 Rule    Lebanon 1992    only    -       Oct     4       0:00    0       -
1645 Rule    Lebanon 1993    max     -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
1646 Rule    Lebanon 1993    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1647 Rule    Lebanon 1999    max     -       Oct     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1648 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1649 Zone    Asia/Beirut     2:22:00 -       LMT     1880
1650                         2:00    Lebanon EE%sT
1651 
1652 # Malaysia
1653 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1654 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Sep     14      0:00    0:20    TS # one-Third Summer
1655 Rule    NBorneo 1935    1941    -       Dec     14      0:00    0       -
1656 #
1657 # peninsular Malaysia
1658 # The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
1659 # <http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html>.
1660 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1661 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur  6:46:46 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
1662                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
1663                         7:00    -       MALT    1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
1664                         7:00    0:20    MALST   1936 Jan  1
1665                         7:20    -       MALT    1941 Sep  1
1666                         7:30    -       MALT    1942 Feb 16
1667                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 12
1668                         7:30    -       MALT    1982 Jan  1
1669                         8:00    -       MYT     # Malaysia Time
1670 # Sabah & Sarawak
1671 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1672 # The data here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945 and 1982
1673 # transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
1674 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1675 Zone Asia/Kuching       7:21:20 -       LMT     1926 Mar
1676                         7:30    -       BORT    1933    # Borneo Time
1677                         8:00    NBorneo BOR%sT  1942 Feb 16
1678                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 12
1679                         8:00    -       BORT    1982 Jan  1
1680                         8:00    -       MYT
1681 
1682 # Maldives
1683 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1684 Zone    Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 -       LMT     1880    # Male
1685                         4:54:00 -       MMT     1960    # Male Mean Time
1686                         5:00    -       MVT             # Maldives Time
1687 
1688 # Mongolia
1689 
1690 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
1691 # usno1995 and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World (2005-03)
1692 # both say that it has just one.
1693 
1694 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
1695 # <a href="http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm">
1696 # General Information Mongolia
1697 # </a> (1999-09)
1698 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
1699 # Bayan-Ulgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
1700 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
1701 # eight hours."
1702 
1703 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
1704 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
1705 # being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
1706 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
1707 # of implementation may have been different....
1708 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
1709 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
1710 # Suhbaatar, and possibly Khentij.
1711 
1712 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
1713 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
1714 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
1715 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
1716 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
1717 # is good enough for our purposes.
1718 
1719 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
1720 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
1721 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
1722 # there are three time zones.
1723 #
1724 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-ulgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
1725 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khovsgol, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Tov,
1726 #       Bayankhongor, Ovorkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Omnogovi
1727 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sukhbaatar
1728 #
1729 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
1730 
1731 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
1732 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
1733 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
1734 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
1735 #
1736 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
1737 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
1738 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
1739 
1740 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
1741 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
1742 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
1743 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
1744 # Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykanen (2005-05-16) reports that
1745 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
1746 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
1747 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
1748 # He also found
1749 # <http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&>
1750 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
1751 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
1752 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
1753 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sukhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
1754 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
1755 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
1756 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
1757 
1758 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
1759 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
1760 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
1761 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
1762 
1763 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
1764 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
1765 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
1766 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
1767 # database on this, e.g.:
1768 #
1769 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026">
1770 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
1771 # </a>
1772 # <a href="http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx">
1773 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
1774 # </a>
1775 #
1776 # both say GMT+08:00.
1777 
1778 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
1779 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
1780 # schedule here:
1781 # <a href="http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112">
1782 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
1783 # </a>
1784 # (click the English flag for English)
1785 #
1786 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbatar arrive
1787 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
1788 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khvod takes 2 hours in the Eastern
1789 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbatar and Khvod are
1790 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
1791 # Ulaanbatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
1792 
1793 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
1794 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
1795 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
1796 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
1797 # this is almost surely wrong.
1798 
1799 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
1800 Rule    Mongol  1983    1984    -       Apr     1       0:00    1:00    S
1801 Rule    Mongol  1983    only    -       Oct     1       0:00    0       -
1802 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
1803 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
1804 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
1805 #
1806 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
1807 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sukhbaatar) took place
1808 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
1809 # the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
1810 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
1811 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
1812 
1813 Rule    Mongol  1985    1998    -       Mar     lastSun 0:00    1:00    S
1814 Rule    Mongol  1984    1998    -       Sep     lastSun 0:00    0       -
1815 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
1816 Rule    Mongol  2001    only    -       Apr     lastSat 2:00    1:00    S
1817 Rule    Mongol  2001    2006    -       Sep     lastSat 2:00    0       -
1818 Rule    Mongol  2002    2006    -       Mar     lastSat 2:00    1:00    S
1819 
1820 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1821 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
1822 Zone    Asia/Hovd       6:06:36 -       LMT     1905 Aug
1823                         6:00    -       HOVT    1978    # Hovd Time
1824                         7:00    Mongol  HOV%sT
1825 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
1826 Zone    Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -      LMT     1905 Aug
1827                         7:00    -       ULAT    1978    # Ulaanbaatar Time
1828                         8:00    Mongol  ULA%sT
1829 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tuemen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
1830 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
1831 Zone    Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 -       LMT     1905 Aug
1832                         7:00    -       ULAT    1978
1833                         8:00    -       ULAT    1983 Apr
1834                         9:00    Mongol  CHO%sT  2008 Mar 31 # Choibalsan Time
1835                         8:00    Mongol  CHO%sT
1836 
1837 # Nepal
1838 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1839 Zone    Asia/Kathmandu  5:41:16 -       LMT     1920
1840                         5:30    -       IST     1986
1841                         5:45    -       NPT     # Nepal Time
1842 
1843 # Oman
1844 
1845 # Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
1846 
1847 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
1848 Zone    Asia/Muscat     3:54:24 -       LMT     1920
1849                         4:00    -       GST
1850 
1851 # Pakistan
1852 
1853 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
1854 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
1855 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
1856 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
1857 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
1858 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
1859 
1860 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
1861 # Jesper Norgaard found this URL:
1862 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
1863 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
1864 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
1865 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
1866 # 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
1867 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
1868 # it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
1869 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
1870 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
1871 
1872 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
1873 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
1874 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.
1875 
1876 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
1877 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
1878 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
1879 #
1880 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
1881 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
1882 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
1883 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
1884 #
1885 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
1886 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
1887 
1888 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
1889 #
1890 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
1891 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
1892 #
1893 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to help
1894 # reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at 9pm and
1895 # moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months.
1896 # ...."
1897 #
1898 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html">
1899 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
1900 # </a>
1901 # OR
1902 # <a href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4">
1903 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
1904 # </a>
1905 
1906 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
1907 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
1908 
1909 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
1910 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
1911 # for another 2 months--plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
1912 # instead of August 31.
1913 #
1914 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html">
1915 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
1916 # </a>
1917 # OR
1918 # <a href="http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html">
1919 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
1920 # </a>
1921 
1922 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
1923 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
1924 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
1925 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
1926 # official working."
1927 # <a href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280">
1928 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
1929 # </a>
1930 #
1931 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
1932 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
1933 #
1934 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
1935 # April 08, 2009
1936 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
1937 # <a href="http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1">
1938 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
1939 # </a>
1940 #
1941 # or
1942 #
1943 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html">
1944 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
1945 # </a>
1946 #
1947 # ....
1948 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
1949 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
1950 # conserve energy"
1951 
1952 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
1953 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
1954 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
1955 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
1956 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
1957 # this regard."
1958 # <a href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168">
1959 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
1960 # </a>
1961 
1962 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
1963 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
1964 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from October
1965 # 1, 2009.
1966 #
1967 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
1968 # <a href="http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2">
1969 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
1970 # </a>
1971 # or
1972 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm">
1973 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
1974 # </a>
1975 
1976 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
1977 # Alexander Krivenyshev wrote:
1978 # > According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
1979 # > Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from October
1980 # > 1, 2009.
1981 #
1982 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
1983 # <a href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742">
1984 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
1985 # </a>
1986 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
1987 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
1988 # Monday."
1989 #
1990 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
1991 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
1992 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
1993 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
1994 #
1995 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
1996 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
1997 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html">
1998 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
1999 # </a>
2000 
2001 # From Christoph Goehre (2009-10-01):
2002 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2003 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2004 
2005 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2006 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2007 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2008 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2009 # >
2010 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2011 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2012 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2013 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2014 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2015 #
2016 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2017 # <a href="http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041">
2018 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2019 # </a>
2020 #
2021 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2022 # <a href="http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2">
2023 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2024 # </a>
2025 
2026 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2027 Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Apr     Sun>=2       0:01    1:00    S
2028 Rule Pakistan   2002    only    -       Oct     Sun>=2       0:01    0       -
2029 Rule Pakistan   2008    only    -       Jun     1       0:00    1:00    S
2030 Rule Pakistan   2008    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
2031 Rule Pakistan   2009    only    -       Apr     15      0:00    1:00    S
2032 Rule Pakistan   2009    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
2033 
2034 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2035 Zone    Asia/Karachi    4:28:12 -       LMT     1907
2036                         5:30    -       IST     1942 Sep
2037                         5:30    1:00    IST     1945 Oct 15
2038                         5:30    -       IST     1951 Sep 30
2039                         5:00    -       KART    1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
2040                         5:00 Pakistan   PK%sT   # Pakistan Time
2041 
2042 # Palestine
2043 
2044 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2045 #
2046 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2047 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2048 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2049 #
2050 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2051 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2052 # time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2053 # though.
2054 #
2055 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2056 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2057 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2058 # Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
2059 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2060 # East Jerusalem.
2061 #
2062 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2063 # for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
2064 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2065 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2066 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2067 #
2068 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2069 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
2070 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2071 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2072 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2073 # Jordanian one).
2074 #
2075 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2076 #
2077 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2078 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2079 # Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
2080 # West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
2081 # Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
2082 #
2083 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2084 # have one).
2085 
2086 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2087 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2088 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2089 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2090 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2091 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2092 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2093 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2094 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2095 # to Palestine's rules.
2096 
2097 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2098 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2099 #
2100 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2101 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2102 # one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2103 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2104 
2105 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2106 # Daoud Kuttab writes in
2107 # <a href="http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html">
2108 # Holiday havoc
2109 # </a> (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2110 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2111 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2112 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2113 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2114 
2115 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2116 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2117 
2118 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2119 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2120 # the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2121 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2122 # earlier--the same goes for Jordan.
2123 
2124 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2125 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2126 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2127 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel.  I was not
2128 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2129 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2130 # the West Bank.
2131 
2132 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2133 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2134 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2135 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2136 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday.  It is also time to turn
2137 # > back the clocks for winter.  Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2138 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2139 # because of the Ramadan.
2140 
2141 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2142 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2143 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2144 
2145 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2146 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2147 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2148 # surprised if they agreed about DST.  But for now, assume they agree.
2149 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2150 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2151 
2152 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2153 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2154 #
2155 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2156 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2157 #
2158 # <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001">
2159 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2160 # </a>
2161 # <a href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087">
2162 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2163 # </a>
2164 # or
2165 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html">
2166 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2167 # </a>
2168 
2169 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2170 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2171 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2172 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2173 #
2174 # (in Arabic)
2175 # <a href="http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850">
2176 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2177 # </a>
2178 #
2179 # or
2180 # (English translation)
2181 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html">
2182 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2183 # </a>
2184 
2185 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2186 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2187 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2188 #
2189 # One news source:
2190 # <a href="http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158">
2191 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2192 # </a>
2193 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2194 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2195 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2196 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2197 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2198 #
2199 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2200 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2201 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html">
2202 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2203 # </a>
2204 
2205 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2206 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2207 #
2208 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2209 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2210 #
2211 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2212 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2213 # <a href="http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2214 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2215 # </a>
2216 # or
2217 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html>
2218 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2219 # </a>
2220 
2221 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2222 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2223 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2224 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2225 #
2226 # <a href="http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697">
2227 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2228 # </a>
2229 # (in Arabic)
2230 # or
2231 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html">
2232 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2233 # </a>
2234 
2235 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2236 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2237 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2238 # noon though:
2239 #
2240 # <a href="http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178">
2241 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2242 # </a>
2243 # (Ma'an News Agency)
2244 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2245 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2246 
2247 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2248 # According to several sources, including
2249 # <a href="http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795">
2250 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2251 # </a>
2252 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2253 # Gaza and the West Bank.
2254 # Some more background info:
2255 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html">
2256 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2257 # </a>
2258 
2259 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2260 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2261 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2262 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2263 # Ramadan.
2264 #
2265 # <a href="http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217">
2266 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2267 # </a>
2268 # Additional info:
2269 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html">
2270 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2271 # </a>
2272 
2273 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2274 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2275 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2276 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2277 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2278 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2279 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2280 # ...
2281 # <a href="http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650">
2282 # http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
2283 # </a>
2284 # or
2285 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html">
2286 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
2287 # </a>
2288 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the `africa' file.
2289 
2290 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
2291 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
2292 # 00:00).
2293 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
2294 #
2295 # Many sources, including:
2296 # <a href="http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808">
2297 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
2298 # </a>
2299 
2300 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2301 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
2302 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
2303 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
2304 # <a href="http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638">
2305 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
2306 # </a>
2307 #
2308 # <a href="http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html">
2309 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
2310 # </a>
2311 #
2312 # Our brief summary:
2313 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html">
2314 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
2315 # </a>
2316 
2317 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
2318 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
2319 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
2320 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
2321 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
2322 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
2323 
2324 # From Paul Eggert (2013-04-15):
2325 # For future dates, guess the last Thursday in March at 24:00 through
2326 # the first Friday on or after September 21 at 01:00.  This is consistent with
2327 # the predictions in today's editions of the following URLs,
2328 # which are for Gaza and Hebron respectively:
2329 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=702
2330 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=2364
2331 
2332 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2333 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    only    -       May     10      0:00    1:00    S
2334 Rule EgyptAsia  1957    1958    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2335 Rule EgyptAsia  1958    only    -       May      1      0:00    1:00    S
2336 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1967    -       May      1      1:00    1:00    S
2337 Rule EgyptAsia  1959    1965    -       Sep     30      3:00    0       -
2338 Rule EgyptAsia  1966    only    -       Oct      1      3:00    0       -
2339 
2340 Rule Palestine  1999    2005    -       Apr     Fri>=15      0:00    1:00    S
2341 Rule Palestine  1999    2003    -       Oct     Fri>=15      0:00    0       -
2342 Rule Palestine  2004    only    -       Oct      1      1:00    0       -
2343 Rule Palestine  2005    only    -       Oct      4      2:00    0       -
2344 Rule Palestine  2006    2007    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2345 Rule Palestine  2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
2346 Rule Palestine  2007    only    -       Sep     Thu>=8       2:00    0       -
2347 Rule Palestine  2008    2009    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2348 Rule Palestine  2008    only    -       Sep      1      0:00    0       -
2349 Rule Palestine  2009    only    -       Sep     Fri>=1       1:00    0       -
2350 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2351 Rule Palestine  2010    only    -       Aug     11      0:00    0       -
2352 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Apr      1      0:01    1:00    S
2353 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug      1      0:00    0       -
2354 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Aug     30      0:00    1:00    S
2355 Rule Palestine  2011    only    -       Sep     30      0:00    0       -
2356 Rule Palestine  2012    max     -       Mar     lastThu 24:00   1:00    S
2357 Rule Palestine  2012    max     -       Sep     Fri>=21      1:00    0       -
2358 
2359 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2360 Zone    Asia/Gaza       2:17:52 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2361                         2:00    Zion    EET     1948 May 15
2362                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2363                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
2364                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
2365                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2008 Aug 29 0:00
2366                         2:00    -       EET     2008 Sep
2367                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2010
2368                         2:00    -       EET     2010 Mar 27 0:01
2369                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT   2011 Aug  1
2370                         2:00    -       EET     2012
2371                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
2372 
2373 Zone    Asia/Hebron     2:20:23 -       LMT     1900 Oct
2374                         2:00    Zion    EET     1948 May 15
2375                         2:00 EgyptAsia  EE%sT   1967 Jun  5
2376                         2:00    Zion    I%sT    1996
2377                         2:00    Jordan  EE%sT   1999
2378                         2:00 Palestine  EE%sT
2379 
2380 # Paracel Is
2381 # no information
2382 
2383 # Philippines
2384 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Claveria, governor-general of the
2385 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2386 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01.  Robert H. van Gent has a
2387 # transcript of the decree in <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/idl/idl.htm>.
2388 # The rest of the data are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2389 
2390 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
2391 # Tomorrow's Manila Standard reports that the Philippines Department of
2392 # Trade and Industry is considering adopting DST this June when the
2393 # rainy season begins.  See
2394 # <http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=politics02_april26_2006>.
2395 # For now, we'll ignore this, since it's not definite and we lack details.
2396 #
2397 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2398 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2399 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2400 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2401 # but no details]
2402 
2403 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2404 Rule    Phil    1936    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    1:00    S
2405 Rule    Phil    1937    only    -       Feb     1       0:00    0       -
2406 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Apr     12      0:00    1:00    S
2407 Rule    Phil    1954    only    -       Jul     1       0:00    0       -
2408 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Mar     22      0:00    1:00    S
2409 Rule    Phil    1978    only    -       Sep     21      0:00    0       -
2410 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2411 Zone    Asia/Manila     -15:56:00 -     LMT     1844 Dec 31
2412                         8:04:00 -       LMT     1899 May 11
2413                         8:00    Phil    PH%sT   1942 May
2414                         9:00    -       JST     1944 Nov
2415                         8:00    Phil    PH%sT
2416 
2417 # Qatar
2418 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2419 Zone    Asia/Qatar      3:26:08 -       LMT     1920    # Al Dawhah / Doha
2420                         4:00    -       GST     1972 Jun
2421                         3:00    -       AST
2422 
2423 # Saudi Arabia
2424 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2425 Zone    Asia/Riyadh     3:06:52 -       LMT     1950
2426                         3:00    -       AST
2427 
2428 # Singapore
2429 # The data here are taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2430 # <http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html>.
2431 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2432 Zone    Asia/Singapore  6:55:25 -       LMT     1901 Jan  1
2433                         6:55:25 -       SMT     1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
2434                         7:00    -       MALT    1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
2435                         7:00    0:20    MALST   1936 Jan  1
2436                         7:20    -       MALT    1941 Sep  1
2437                         7:30    -       MALT    1942 Feb 16
2438                         9:00    -       JST     1945 Sep 12
2439                         7:30    -       MALT    1965 Aug  9 # independence
2440                         7:30    -       SGT     1982 Jan  1 # Singapore Time
2441                         8:00    -       SGT
2442 
2443 # Spratly Is
2444 # no information
2445 
2446 # Sri Lanka
2447 
2448 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
2449 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
2450 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
2451 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
2452 # Shanks and Pottenger.
2453 
2454 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
2455 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
2456 # (www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html, 1996-05-24,
2457 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
2458 # reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
2459 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
2460 #
2461 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
2462 # by Shamindra in
2463 # <a href="news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net">
2464 # Daily News - Hot News Section (1996-10-26)
2465 # </a>:
2466 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
2467 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
2468 
2469 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
2470 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
2471 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
2472 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
2473 
2474 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
2475 # <http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML>
2476 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
2477 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
2478 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
2479 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
2480 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
2481 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
2482 
2483 # From K Sethu (2006-04-25):
2484 # I think the abbreviation LKT originated from the world of computers at
2485 # the time of or subsequent to the time zone changes by SL Government
2486 # twice in 1996 and probably SL Government or its standardization
2487 # agencies never declared an abbreviation as a national standard.
2488 #
2489 # I recollect before the recent change the government annoucemments
2490 # mentioning it as simply changing Sri Lanka Standard Time or Sri Lanka
2491 # Time and no mention was made about the abbreviation.
2492 #
2493 # If we look at Sri Lanka Department of Government's "Official News
2494 # Website of Sri Lanka" ... http://www.news.lk/ we can see that they
2495 # use SLT as abbreviation in time stamp at the beginning of each news
2496 # item....
2497 #
2498 # Within Sri Lanka I think LKT is well known among computer users and
2499 # adminsitrators.  In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
2500 # nation's largest telcom / internet operator Sri Lanka Telcom is well
2501 # known by that abbreviation - simply as SLT (there IP domains are
2502 # slt.lk and sltnet.lk).
2503 #
2504 # But if indeed our government has adopted SLT as standard abbreviation
2505 # (that we have not known so far) then  it is better that it be used for
2506 # all computers.
2507 
2508 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
2509 # One possibility is that we wait for a bit for the dust to settle down
2510 # and then see what people actually say in practice.
2511 
2512 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2513 Zone    Asia/Colombo    5:19:24 -       LMT     1880
2514                         5:19:32 -       MMT     1906    # Moratuwa Mean Time
2515                         5:30    -       IST     1942 Jan  5
2516                         5:30    0:30    IHST    1942 Sep
2517                         5:30    1:00    IST     1945 Oct 16 2:00
2518                         5:30    -       IST     1996 May 25 0:00
2519                         6:30    -       LKT     1996 Oct 26 0:30
2520                         6:00    -       LKT     2006 Apr 15 0:30
2521                         5:30    -       IST
2522 
2523 # Syria
2524 # Rule  NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
2525 Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Apr     Sun>=15      2:00    1:00    S
2526 Rule    Syria   1920    1923    -       Oct     Sun>=1       2:00    0       -
2527 Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Apr     29      2:00    1:00    S
2528 Rule    Syria   1962    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2529 Rule    Syria   1963    1965    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
2530 Rule    Syria   1963    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
2531 Rule    Syria   1964    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2532 Rule    Syria   1965    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
2533 Rule    Syria   1966    only    -       Apr     24      2:00    1:00    S
2534 Rule    Syria   1966    1976    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2535 Rule    Syria   1967    1978    -       May     1       2:00    1:00    S
2536 Rule    Syria   1977    1978    -       Sep     1       2:00    0       -
2537 Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Apr     9       2:00    1:00    S
2538 Rule    Syria   1983    1984    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2539 Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Feb     16      2:00    1:00    S
2540 Rule    Syria   1986    only    -       Oct     9       2:00    0       -
2541 Rule    Syria   1987    only    -       Mar     1       2:00    1:00    S
2542 Rule    Syria   1987    1988    -       Oct     31      2:00    0       -
2543 Rule    Syria   1988    only    -       Mar     15      2:00    1:00    S
2544 Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Mar     31      2:00    1:00    S
2545 Rule    Syria   1989    only    -       Oct     1       2:00    0       -
2546 Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Apr     1       2:00    1:00    S
2547 Rule    Syria   1990    only    -       Sep     30      2:00    0       -
2548 Rule    Syria   1991    only    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2549 Rule    Syria   1991    1992    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2550 Rule    Syria   1992    only    -       Apr      8      0:00    1:00    S
2551 Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Mar     26      0:00    1:00    S
2552 Rule    Syria   1993    only    -       Sep     25      0:00    0       -
2553 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
2554 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
2555 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
2556 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
2557 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
2558 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
2559 Rule    Syria   1994    1996    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2560 Rule    Syria   1994    2005    -       Oct      1      0:00    0       -
2561 Rule    Syria   1997    1998    -       Mar     lastMon 0:00    1:00    S
2562 Rule    Syria   1999    2006    -       Apr      1      0:00    1:00    S
2563 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
2564 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
2565 # this year [only]....  This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
2566 Rule    Syria   2006    only    -       Sep     22      0:00    0       -
2567 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
2568 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
2569 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
2570 Rule    Syria   2007    only    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2571 # From Jesper Norgard (2007-10-27):
2572 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
2573 # not take place 1.st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1.st November at 24:00 or
2574 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sence than
2575 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
2576 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
2577 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
2578 #
2579 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
2580 # Jesper Norgaard Welen wrote:
2581 #
2582 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
2583 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
2584 #
2585 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
2586 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
2587 #
2588 # which using Google's translate tools says:
2589 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
2590 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
2591 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
2592 Rule    Syria   2007    only    -       Nov      Fri>=1      0:00    0       -
2593 
2594 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
2595 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
2596 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so...This is the data IATA
2597 # are now using:
2598 # Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
2599 # Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
2600 # Variation
2601 # Syrian Arab
2602 # Republic    SY    +0200      2200  03APR08       2100  30SEP08   +0300
2603 #                              2200  02APR09       2100  30SEP09   +0300
2604 #                              2200  01APR10       2100  30SEP10   +0300
2605 
2606 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
2607 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
2608 # Agency (SANA)...
2609 # <a href="http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm">
2610 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
2611 # </a>...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
2612 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
2613 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
2614 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
2615 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
2616 
2617 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
2618 # My buest guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
2619 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
2620 # compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
2621 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
2622 
2623 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
2624 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
2625 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
2626 #
2627 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
2628 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
2629 # clocks back 60 minutes).
2630 #
2631 # <a href="http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm">
2632 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
2633 # </a>
2634 
2635 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
2636 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
2637 # two examples:
2638 #
2639 # <a href="http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm">
2640 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
2641 # </a>
2642 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
2643 # <a href="http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209">
2644 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
2645 # </a>
2646 # (Arabic, gov-site)
2647 #
2648 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
2649 #
2650 # Our summary
2651 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html">
2652 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
2653 # </a>
2654 
2655 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
2656 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
2657 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
2658 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
2659 # <a href="http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm">
2660 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
2661 # </a>
2662 
2663 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
2664 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
2665 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
2666 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
2667 
2668 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
2669 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
2670 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
2671 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
2672 # <a href="http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421">
2673 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
2674 # </a>
2675 
2676 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2677 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
2678 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
2679 #
2680 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
2681 # <a href="http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm">
2682 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
2683 # </a>
2684 #
2685 # Our brief summary:
2686 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html">
2687 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
2688 # </a>
2689 
2690 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
2691 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
2692 
2693 Rule    Syria   2008    only    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
2694 Rule    Syria   2008    only    -       Nov     1       0:00    0       -
2695 Rule    Syria   2009    only    -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2696 Rule    Syria   2010    2011    -       Apr     Fri>=1       0:00    1:00    S
2697 Rule    Syria   2012    max     -       Mar     lastFri 0:00    1:00    S
2698 Rule    Syria   2009    max     -       Oct     lastFri 0:00    0       -
2699 
2700 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2701 Zone    Asia/Damascus   2:25:12 -       LMT     1920    # Dimashq
2702                         2:00    Syria   EE%sT
2703 
2704 # Tajikistan
2705 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
2706 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2707 Zone    Asia/Dushanbe   4:35:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2708                         5:00    -       DUST    1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
2709                         6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2710                         5:00    1:00    DUSST   1991 Sep  9 2:00s
2711                         5:00    -       TJT                 # Tajikistan Time
2712 
2713 # Thailand
2714 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2715 Zone    Asia/Bangkok    6:42:04 -       LMT     1880
2716                         6:42:04 -       BMT     1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
2717                         7:00    -       ICT
2718 
2719 # Turkmenistan
2720 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
2721 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2722 Zone    Asia/Ashgabat   3:53:32 -       LMT     1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
2723                         4:00    -       ASHT    1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
2724                         5:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00
2725                         4:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT  1991 Oct 27 # independence
2726                         4:00 RussiaAsia TM%sT   1992 Jan 19 2:00
2727                         5:00    -       TMT
2728 
2729 # United Arab Emirates
2730 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2731 Zone    Asia/Dubai      3:41:12 -       LMT     1920
2732                         4:00    -       GST
2733 
2734 # Uzbekistan
2735 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2736 Zone    Asia/Samarkand  4:27:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2737                         4:00    -       SAMT    1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
2738                         5:00    -       SAMT    1981 Apr  1
2739                         5:00    1:00    SAMST   1981 Oct  1
2740                         6:00    -       TAST    1982 Apr  1 # Tashkent Time
2741                         5:00 RussiaAsia SAM%sT  1991 Sep  1 # independence
2742                         5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT   1992
2743                         5:00    -       UZT
2744 Zone    Asia/Tashkent   4:37:12 -       LMT     1924 May  2
2745                         5:00    -       TAST    1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
2746                         6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT  1991 Mar 31 2:00
2747                         5:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT  1991 Sep  1 # independence
2748                         5:00 RussiaAsia UZ%sT   1992
2749                         5:00    -       UZT
2750 
2751 # Vietnam
2752 
2753 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
2754 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
2755 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
2756 # from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
2757 # and Pottenger.
2758 
2759 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
2760 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Min City";
2761 # we use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
2762 
2763 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2764 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2765 Zone    Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh        7:06:40 -       LMT     1906 Jun  9
2766                         7:06:20 -       SMT     1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
2767                         7:00    -       ICT     1912 May
2768                         8:00    -       ICT     1931 May
2769                         7:00    -       ICT
2770 
2771 # Yemen
2772 
2773 # Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
2774 # and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
2775 
2776 # Zone  NAME            GMTOFF  RULES   FORMAT  [UNTIL]
2777 Zone    Asia/Aden       2:59:54 -       LMT     1950
2778                         3:00    -       AST