1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
   3  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
   4  *
   5  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   6  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
   7  * published by the Free Software Foundation.
   8  *
   9  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  10  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  11  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  12  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  13  * accompanied this code).
  14  *
  15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  16  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  17  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  18  *
  19  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  20  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  21  * questions.
  22  *
  23  */
  24 
  25 #include "precompiled.hpp"
  26 
  27 #include "logging/log.hpp"
  28 #include "logging/logStream.hpp"
  29 #include "memory/metaspace/metachunk.hpp"
  30 #include "memory/metaspace.hpp"
  31 #include "memory/metaspace/chunkManager.hpp"
  32 #include "memory/metaspace/metaDebug.hpp"
  33 #include "memory/metaspace/metaspaceCommon.hpp"
  34 #include "memory/metaspace/occupancyMap.hpp"
  35 #include "memory/metaspace/virtualSpaceNode.hpp"
  36 #include "memory/virtualspace.hpp"
  37 #include "runtime/atomic.hpp"
  38 #include "runtime/os.hpp"
  39 #include "services/memTracker.hpp"
  40 #include "utilities/copy.hpp"
  41 #include "utilities/debug.hpp"
  42 #include "utilities/globalDefinitions.hpp"
  43 
  44 namespace metaspace {
  45 
  46 // Decide if large pages should be committed when the memory is reserved.
  47 static bool should_commit_large_pages_when_reserving(size_t bytes) {
  48   if (UseLargePages && UseLargePagesInMetaspace && !os::can_commit_large_page_memory()) {
  49     size_t words = bytes / BytesPerWord;
  50     bool is_class = false; // We never reserve large pages for the class space.
  51     if (MetaspaceGC::can_expand(words, is_class) &&
  52         MetaspaceGC::allowed_expansion() >= words) {
  53       return true;
  54     }
  55   }
  56 
  57   return false;
  58 }
  59 
  60 // byte_size is the size of the associated virtualspace.
  61 VirtualSpaceNode::VirtualSpaceNode(bool is_class, size_t bytes) :
  62     _next(NULL), _is_class(is_class), _rs(), _top(NULL), _container_count(0), _occupancy_map(NULL) {
  63   assert_is_aligned(bytes, Metaspace::reserve_alignment());
  64   bool large_pages = should_commit_large_pages_when_reserving(bytes);
  65   _rs = ReservedSpace(bytes, Metaspace::reserve_alignment(), large_pages);
  66 
  67   if (_rs.is_reserved()) {
  68     assert(_rs.base() != NULL, "Catch if we get a NULL address");
  69     assert(_rs.size() != 0, "Catch if we get a 0 size");
  70     assert_is_aligned(_rs.base(), Metaspace::reserve_alignment());
  71     assert_is_aligned(_rs.size(), Metaspace::reserve_alignment());
  72 
  73     MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_type((address)_rs.base(), mtClass);
  74   }
  75 }
  76 
  77 void VirtualSpaceNode::purge(ChunkManager* chunk_manager) {
  78   // When a node is purged, lets give it a thorough examination.
  79   DEBUG_ONLY(verify(true);)
  80   Metachunk* chunk = first_chunk();
  81   Metachunk* invalid_chunk = (Metachunk*) top();
  82   while (chunk < invalid_chunk ) {
  83     assert(chunk->is_tagged_free(), "Should be tagged free");
  84     MetaWord* next = ((MetaWord*)chunk) + chunk->word_size();
  85     chunk_manager->remove_chunk(chunk);
  86     chunk->remove_sentinel();
  87     assert(chunk->next() == NULL &&
  88         chunk->prev() == NULL,
  89         "Was not removed from its list");
  90     chunk = (Metachunk*) next;
  91   }
  92 }
  93 
  94 void VirtualSpaceNode::print_map(outputStream* st, bool is_class) const {
  95 
  96   if (bottom() == top()) {
  97     return;
  98   }
  99 
 100   const size_t spec_chunk_size = is_class ? ClassSpecializedChunk : SpecializedChunk;
 101   const size_t small_chunk_size = is_class ? ClassSmallChunk : SmallChunk;
 102   const size_t med_chunk_size = is_class ? ClassMediumChunk : MediumChunk;
 103 
 104   int line_len = 100;
 105   const size_t section_len = align_up(spec_chunk_size * line_len, med_chunk_size);
 106   line_len = (int)(section_len / spec_chunk_size);
 107 
 108   static const int NUM_LINES = 4;
 109 
 110   char* lines[NUM_LINES];
 111   for (int i = 0; i < NUM_LINES; i ++) {
 112     lines[i] = (char*)os::malloc(line_len, mtInternal);
 113   }
 114   int pos = 0;
 115   const MetaWord* p = bottom();
 116   const Metachunk* chunk = (const Metachunk*)p;
 117   const MetaWord* chunk_end = p + chunk->word_size();
 118   while (p < top()) {
 119     if (pos == line_len) {
 120       pos = 0;
 121       for (int i = 0; i < NUM_LINES; i ++) {
 122         st->fill_to(22);
 123         st->print_raw(lines[i], line_len);
 124         st->cr();
 125       }
 126     }
 127     if (pos == 0) {
 128       st->print(PTR_FORMAT ":", p2i(p));
 129     }
 130     if (p == chunk_end) {
 131       chunk = (Metachunk*)p;
 132       chunk_end = p + chunk->word_size();
 133     }
 134     // line 1: chunk starting points (a dot if that area is a chunk start).
 135     lines[0][pos] = p == (const MetaWord*)chunk ? '.' : ' ';
 136 
 137     // Line 2: chunk type (x=spec, s=small, m=medium, h=humongous), uppercase if
 138     // chunk is in use.
 139     const bool chunk_is_free = ((Metachunk*)chunk)->is_tagged_free();
 140     if (chunk->word_size() == spec_chunk_size) {
 141       lines[1][pos] = chunk_is_free ? 'x' : 'X';
 142     } else if (chunk->word_size() == small_chunk_size) {
 143       lines[1][pos] = chunk_is_free ? 's' : 'S';
 144     } else if (chunk->word_size() == med_chunk_size) {
 145       lines[1][pos] = chunk_is_free ? 'm' : 'M';
 146     } else if (chunk->word_size() > med_chunk_size) {
 147       lines[1][pos] = chunk_is_free ? 'h' : 'H';
 148     } else {
 149       ShouldNotReachHere();
 150     }
 151 
 152     // Line 3: chunk origin
 153     const ChunkOrigin origin = chunk->get_origin();
 154     lines[2][pos] = origin == origin_normal ? ' ' : '0' + (int) origin;
 155 
 156     // Line 4: Virgin chunk? Virgin chunks are chunks created as a byproduct of padding or splitting,
 157     //         but were never used.
 158     lines[3][pos] = chunk->get_use_count() > 0 ? ' ' : 'v';
 159 
 160     p += spec_chunk_size;
 161     pos ++;
 162   }
 163   if (pos > 0) {
 164     for (int i = 0; i < NUM_LINES; i ++) {
 165       st->fill_to(22);
 166       st->print_raw(lines[i], line_len);
 167       st->cr();
 168     }
 169   }
 170   for (int i = 0; i < NUM_LINES; i ++) {
 171     os::free(lines[i]);
 172   }
 173 }
 174 
 175 
 176 #ifdef ASSERT
 177 
 178 // Verify counters, all chunks in this list node and the occupancy map.
 179 void VirtualSpaceNode::verify(bool slow) {
 180   log_trace(gc, metaspace, freelist)("verifying %s virtual space node (%s).",
 181     (is_class() ? "class space" : "metaspace"), (slow ? "slow" : "quick"));
 182   // Fast mode: just verify chunk counters and basic geometry
 183   // Slow mode: verify chunks and occupancy map
 184   uintx num_in_use_chunks = 0;
 185   Metachunk* chunk = first_chunk();
 186   Metachunk* invalid_chunk = (Metachunk*) top();
 187 
 188   // Iterate the chunks in this node and verify each chunk.
 189   while (chunk < invalid_chunk ) {
 190     if (slow) {
 191       do_verify_chunk(chunk);
 192     }
 193     if (!chunk->is_tagged_free()) {
 194       num_in_use_chunks ++;
 195     }
 196     const size_t s = chunk->word_size();
 197     // Prevent endless loop on invalid chunk size.
 198     assert(is_valid_chunksize(is_class(), s), "Invalid chunk size: " SIZE_FORMAT ".", s);
 199     MetaWord* next = ((MetaWord*)chunk) + s;
 200     chunk = (Metachunk*) next;
 201   }
 202   assert(_container_count == num_in_use_chunks, "Container count mismatch (real: " UINTX_FORMAT
 203       ", counter: " UINTX_FORMAT ".", num_in_use_chunks, _container_count);
 204   // Also verify the occupancy map.
 205   if (slow) {
 206     occupancy_map()->verify(bottom(), top());
 207   }
 208 }
 209 
 210 // Verify that all free chunks in this node are ideally merged
 211 // (there not should be multiple small chunks where a large chunk could exist.)
 212 void VirtualSpaceNode::verify_free_chunks_are_ideally_merged() {
 213   Metachunk* chunk = first_chunk();
 214   Metachunk* invalid_chunk = (Metachunk*) top();
 215   // Shorthands.
 216   const size_t size_med = (is_class() ? ClassMediumChunk : MediumChunk) * BytesPerWord;
 217   const size_t size_small = (is_class() ? ClassSmallChunk : SmallChunk) * BytesPerWord;
 218   int num_free_chunks_since_last_med_boundary = -1;
 219   int num_free_chunks_since_last_small_boundary = -1;
 220   bool error = false;
 221   char err[256];
 222   while (!error && chunk < invalid_chunk ) {
 223     // Test for missed chunk merge opportunities: count number of free chunks since last chunk boundary.
 224     // Reset the counter when encountering a non-free chunk.
 225     if (chunk->get_chunk_type() != HumongousIndex) {
 226       if (chunk->is_tagged_free()) {
 227         // Count successive free, non-humongous chunks.
 228         if (is_aligned(chunk, size_small)) {
 229           if (num_free_chunks_since_last_small_boundary > 0) {
 230             error = true;
 231             jio_snprintf(err, sizeof(err), "Missed chunk merge opportunity to merge a small chunk preceding " PTR_FORMAT ".", p2i(chunk));
 232           } else {
 233             num_free_chunks_since_last_small_boundary = 0;
 234           }
 235         } else if (num_free_chunks_since_last_small_boundary != -1) {
 236           num_free_chunks_since_last_small_boundary ++;
 237         }
 238         if (is_aligned(chunk, size_med)) {
 239           if (num_free_chunks_since_last_med_boundary > 0) {
 240             error = true;
 241             jio_snprintf(err, sizeof(err), "Missed chunk merge opportunity to merge a medium chunk preceding " PTR_FORMAT ".", p2i(chunk));
 242           } else {
 243             num_free_chunks_since_last_med_boundary = 0;
 244           }
 245         } else if (num_free_chunks_since_last_med_boundary != -1) {
 246           num_free_chunks_since_last_med_boundary ++;
 247         }
 248       } else {
 249         // Encountering a non-free chunk, reset counters.
 250         num_free_chunks_since_last_med_boundary = -1;
 251         num_free_chunks_since_last_small_boundary = -1;
 252       }
 253     } else {
 254       // One cannot merge areas with a humongous chunk in the middle. Reset counters.
 255       num_free_chunks_since_last_med_boundary = -1;
 256       num_free_chunks_since_last_small_boundary = -1;
 257     }
 258 
 259     if (error) {
 260       print_map(tty, is_class());
 261       fatal("%s", err);
 262     }
 263 
 264     MetaWord* next = ((MetaWord*)chunk) + chunk->word_size();
 265     chunk = (Metachunk*) next;
 266   }
 267 }
 268 #endif // ASSERT
 269 
 270 void VirtualSpaceNode::inc_container_count() {
 271   assert_lock_strong(MetaspaceExpand_lock);
 272   _container_count++;
 273 }
 274 
 275 void VirtualSpaceNode::dec_container_count() {
 276   assert_lock_strong(MetaspaceExpand_lock);
 277   _container_count--;
 278 }
 279 
 280 VirtualSpaceNode::~VirtualSpaceNode() {
 281   _rs.release();
 282   if (_occupancy_map != NULL) {
 283     delete _occupancy_map;
 284   }
 285 #ifdef ASSERT
 286   size_t word_size = sizeof(*this) / BytesPerWord;
 287   Copy::fill_to_words((HeapWord*) this, word_size, 0xf1f1f1f1);
 288 #endif
 289 }
 290 
 291 size_t VirtualSpaceNode::used_words_in_vs() const {
 292   return pointer_delta(top(), bottom(), sizeof(MetaWord));
 293 }
 294 
 295 // Space committed in the VirtualSpace
 296 size_t VirtualSpaceNode::capacity_words_in_vs() const {
 297   return pointer_delta(end(), bottom(), sizeof(MetaWord));
 298 }
 299 
 300 size_t VirtualSpaceNode::free_words_in_vs() const {
 301   return pointer_delta(end(), top(), sizeof(MetaWord));
 302 }
 303 
 304 // Given an address larger than top(), allocate padding chunks until top is at the given address.
 305 void VirtualSpaceNode::allocate_padding_chunks_until_top_is_at(MetaWord* target_top) {
 306 
 307   assert(target_top > top(), "Sanity");
 308 
 309   // Padding chunks are added to the freelist.
 310   ChunkManager* const chunk_manager = Metaspace::get_chunk_manager(is_class());
 311 
 312   // shorthands
 313   const size_t spec_word_size = chunk_manager->specialized_chunk_word_size();
 314   const size_t small_word_size = chunk_manager->small_chunk_word_size();
 315   const size_t med_word_size = chunk_manager->medium_chunk_word_size();
 316 
 317   while (top() < target_top) {
 318 
 319     // We could make this coding more generic, but right now we only deal with two possible chunk sizes
 320     // for padding chunks, so it is not worth it.
 321     size_t padding_chunk_word_size = small_word_size;
 322     if (is_aligned(top(), small_word_size * sizeof(MetaWord)) == false) {
 323       assert_is_aligned(top(), spec_word_size * sizeof(MetaWord)); // Should always hold true.
 324       padding_chunk_word_size = spec_word_size;
 325     }
 326     MetaWord* here = top();
 327     assert_is_aligned(here, padding_chunk_word_size * sizeof(MetaWord));
 328     inc_top(padding_chunk_word_size);
 329 
 330     // Create new padding chunk.
 331     ChunkIndex padding_chunk_type = get_chunk_type_by_size(padding_chunk_word_size, is_class());
 332     assert(padding_chunk_type == SpecializedIndex || padding_chunk_type == SmallIndex, "sanity");
 333 
 334     Metachunk* const padding_chunk =
 335         ::new (here) Metachunk(padding_chunk_type, is_class(), padding_chunk_word_size, this);
 336     assert(padding_chunk == (Metachunk*)here, "Sanity");
 337     DEBUG_ONLY(padding_chunk->set_origin(origin_pad);)
 338     log_trace(gc, metaspace, freelist)("Created padding chunk in %s at "
 339         PTR_FORMAT ", size " SIZE_FORMAT_HEX ".",
 340         (is_class() ? "class space " : "metaspace"),
 341         p2i(padding_chunk), padding_chunk->word_size() * sizeof(MetaWord));
 342 
 343     // Mark chunk start in occupancy map.
 344     occupancy_map()->set_chunk_starts_at_address((MetaWord*)padding_chunk, true);
 345 
 346     // Chunks are born as in-use (see MetaChunk ctor). So, before returning
 347     // the padding chunk to its chunk manager, mark it as in use (ChunkManager
 348     // will assert that).
 349     do_update_in_use_info_for_chunk(padding_chunk, true);
 350 
 351     // Return Chunk to freelist.
 352     inc_container_count();
 353     chunk_manager->return_single_chunk(padding_chunk);
 354     // Please note: at this point, ChunkManager::return_single_chunk()
 355     // may already have merged the padding chunk with neighboring chunks, so
 356     // it may have vanished at this point. Do not reference the padding
 357     // chunk beyond this point.
 358   }
 359 
 360   assert(top() == target_top, "Sanity");
 361 
 362 } // allocate_padding_chunks_until_top_is_at()
 363 
 364 // Allocates the chunk from the virtual space only.
 365 // This interface is also used internally for debugging.  Not all
 366 // chunks removed here are necessarily used for allocation.
 367 Metachunk* VirtualSpaceNode::take_from_committed(size_t chunk_word_size) {
 368   // Non-humongous chunks are to be allocated aligned to their chunk
 369   // size. So, start addresses of medium chunks are aligned to medium
 370   // chunk size, those of small chunks to small chunk size and so
 371   // forth. This facilitates merging of free chunks and reduces
 372   // fragmentation. Chunk sizes are spec < small < medium, with each
 373   // larger chunk size being a multiple of the next smaller chunk
 374   // size.
 375   // Because of this alignment, me may need to create a number of padding
 376   // chunks. These chunks are created and added to the freelist.
 377 
 378   // The chunk manager to which we will give our padding chunks.
 379   ChunkManager* const chunk_manager = Metaspace::get_chunk_manager(is_class());
 380 
 381   // shorthands
 382   const size_t spec_word_size = chunk_manager->specialized_chunk_word_size();
 383   const size_t small_word_size = chunk_manager->small_chunk_word_size();
 384   const size_t med_word_size = chunk_manager->medium_chunk_word_size();
 385 
 386   assert(chunk_word_size == spec_word_size || chunk_word_size == small_word_size ||
 387       chunk_word_size >= med_word_size, "Invalid chunk size requested.");
 388 
 389   // Chunk alignment (in bytes) == chunk size unless humongous.
 390   // Humongous chunks are aligned to the smallest chunk size (spec).
 391   const size_t required_chunk_alignment = (chunk_word_size > med_word_size ?
 392       spec_word_size : chunk_word_size) * sizeof(MetaWord);
 393 
 394   // Do we have enough space to create the requested chunk plus
 395   // any padding chunks needed?
 396   MetaWord* const next_aligned =
 397       static_cast<MetaWord*>(align_up(top(), required_chunk_alignment));
 398   if (!is_available((next_aligned - top()) + chunk_word_size)) {
 399     return NULL;
 400   }
 401 
 402   // Before allocating the requested chunk, allocate padding chunks if necessary.
 403   // We only need to do this for small or medium chunks: specialized chunks are the
 404   // smallest size, hence always aligned. Homungous chunks are allocated unaligned
 405   // (implicitly, also aligned to smallest chunk size).
 406   if ((chunk_word_size == med_word_size || chunk_word_size == small_word_size) && next_aligned > top())  {
 407     log_trace(gc, metaspace, freelist)("Creating padding chunks in %s between %p and %p...",
 408         (is_class() ? "class space " : "metaspace"),
 409         top(), next_aligned);
 410     allocate_padding_chunks_until_top_is_at(next_aligned);
 411     // Now, top should be aligned correctly.
 412     assert_is_aligned(top(), required_chunk_alignment);
 413   }
 414 
 415   // Now, top should be aligned correctly.
 416   assert_is_aligned(top(), required_chunk_alignment);
 417 
 418   // Bottom of the new chunk
 419   MetaWord* chunk_limit = top();
 420   assert(chunk_limit != NULL, "Not safe to call this method");
 421 
 422   // The virtual spaces are always expanded by the
 423   // commit granularity to enforce the following condition.
 424   // Without this the is_available check will not work correctly.
 425   assert(_virtual_space.committed_size() == _virtual_space.actual_committed_size(),
 426       "The committed memory doesn't match the expanded memory.");
 427 
 428   if (!is_available(chunk_word_size)) {
 429     LogTarget(Trace, gc, metaspace, freelist) lt;
 430     if (lt.is_enabled()) {
 431       LogStream ls(lt);
 432       ls.print("VirtualSpaceNode::take_from_committed() not available " SIZE_FORMAT " words ", chunk_word_size);
 433       // Dump some information about the virtual space that is nearly full
 434       print_on(&ls);
 435     }
 436     return NULL;
 437   }
 438 
 439   // Take the space  (bump top on the current virtual space).
 440   inc_top(chunk_word_size);
 441 
 442   // Initialize the chunk
 443   ChunkIndex chunk_type = get_chunk_type_by_size(chunk_word_size, is_class());
 444   Metachunk* result = ::new (chunk_limit) Metachunk(chunk_type, is_class(), chunk_word_size, this);
 445   assert(result == (Metachunk*)chunk_limit, "Sanity");
 446   occupancy_map()->set_chunk_starts_at_address((MetaWord*)result, true);
 447   do_update_in_use_info_for_chunk(result, true);
 448 
 449   inc_container_count();
 450 
 451 #ifdef ASSERT
 452   EVERY_NTH(VerifyMetaspaceInterval)
 453     chunk_manager->locked_verify(true);
 454     verify(true);
 455   END_EVERY_NTH
 456   do_verify_chunk(result);
 457 #endif
 458 
 459   result->inc_use_count();
 460 
 461   return result;
 462 }
 463 
 464 
 465 // Expand the virtual space (commit more of the reserved space)
 466 bool VirtualSpaceNode::expand_by(size_t min_words, size_t preferred_words) {
 467   size_t min_bytes = min_words * BytesPerWord;
 468   size_t preferred_bytes = preferred_words * BytesPerWord;
 469 
 470   size_t uncommitted = virtual_space()->reserved_size() - virtual_space()->actual_committed_size();
 471 
 472   if (uncommitted < min_bytes) {
 473     return false;
 474   }
 475 
 476   size_t commit = MIN2(preferred_bytes, uncommitted);
 477   bool result = virtual_space()->expand_by(commit, false);
 478 
 479   if (result) {
 480     log_trace(gc, metaspace, freelist)("Expanded %s virtual space list node by " SIZE_FORMAT " words.",
 481         (is_class() ? "class" : "non-class"), commit);
 482     DEBUG_ONLY(Atomic::inc(&g_internal_statistics.num_committed_space_expanded));
 483   } else {
 484     log_trace(gc, metaspace, freelist)("Failed to expand %s virtual space list node by " SIZE_FORMAT " words.",
 485         (is_class() ? "class" : "non-class"), commit);
 486   }
 487 
 488   assert(result, "Failed to commit memory");
 489 
 490   return result;
 491 }
 492 
 493 Metachunk* VirtualSpaceNode::get_chunk_vs(size_t chunk_word_size) {
 494   assert_lock_strong(MetaspaceExpand_lock);
 495   Metachunk* result = take_from_committed(chunk_word_size);
 496   return result;
 497 }
 498 
 499 bool VirtualSpaceNode::initialize() {
 500 
 501   if (!_rs.is_reserved()) {
 502     return false;
 503   }
 504 
 505   // These are necessary restriction to make sure that the virtual space always
 506   // grows in steps of Metaspace::commit_alignment(). If both base and size are
 507   // aligned only the middle alignment of the VirtualSpace is used.
 508   assert_is_aligned(_rs.base(), Metaspace::commit_alignment());
 509   assert_is_aligned(_rs.size(), Metaspace::commit_alignment());
 510 
 511   // ReservedSpaces marked as special will have the entire memory
 512   // pre-committed. Setting a committed size will make sure that
 513   // committed_size and actual_committed_size agrees.
 514   size_t pre_committed_size = _rs.special() ? _rs.size() : 0;
 515 
 516   bool result = virtual_space()->initialize_with_granularity(_rs, pre_committed_size,
 517       Metaspace::commit_alignment());
 518   if (result) {
 519     assert(virtual_space()->committed_size() == virtual_space()->actual_committed_size(),
 520         "Checking that the pre-committed memory was registered by the VirtualSpace");
 521 
 522     set_top((MetaWord*)virtual_space()->low());
 523   }
 524 
 525   // Initialize Occupancy Map.
 526   const size_t smallest_chunk_size = is_class() ? ClassSpecializedChunk : SpecializedChunk;
 527   _occupancy_map = new OccupancyMap(bottom(), reserved_words(), smallest_chunk_size);
 528 
 529   return result;
 530 }
 531 
 532 void VirtualSpaceNode::print_on(outputStream* st, size_t scale) const {
 533   size_t used_words = used_words_in_vs();
 534   size_t commit_words = committed_words();
 535   size_t res_words = reserved_words();
 536   VirtualSpace* vs = virtual_space();
 537 
 538   st->print("node @" PTR_FORMAT ": ", p2i(this));
 539   st->print("reserved=");
 540   print_scaled_words(st, res_words, scale);
 541   st->print(", committed=");
 542   print_scaled_words_and_percentage(st, commit_words, res_words, scale);
 543   st->print(", used=");
 544   print_scaled_words_and_percentage(st, used_words, res_words, scale);
 545   st->cr();
 546   st->print("   [" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT ", "
 547       PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT ")",
 548       p2i(bottom()), p2i(top()), p2i(end()),
 549       p2i(vs->high_boundary()));
 550 }
 551 
 552 #ifdef ASSERT
 553 void VirtualSpaceNode::mangle() {
 554   size_t word_size = capacity_words_in_vs();
 555   Copy::fill_to_words((HeapWord*) low(), word_size, 0xf1f1f1f1);
 556 }
 557 #endif // ASSERT
 558 
 559 void VirtualSpaceNode::retire(ChunkManager* chunk_manager) {
 560   assert(is_class() == chunk_manager->is_class(), "Wrong ChunkManager?");
 561 #ifdef ASSERT
 562   verify(false);
 563   EVERY_NTH(VerifyMetaspaceInterval)
 564     verify(true);
 565   END_EVERY_NTH
 566 #endif
 567   for (int i = (int)MediumIndex; i >= (int)ZeroIndex; --i) {
 568     ChunkIndex index = (ChunkIndex)i;
 569     size_t chunk_size = chunk_manager->size_by_index(index);
 570 
 571     while (free_words_in_vs() >= chunk_size) {
 572       Metachunk* chunk = get_chunk_vs(chunk_size);
 573       // Chunk will be allocated aligned, so allocation may require
 574       // additional padding chunks. That may cause above allocation to
 575       // fail. Just ignore the failed allocation and continue with the
 576       // next smaller chunk size. As the VirtualSpaceNode comitted
 577       // size should be a multiple of the smallest chunk size, we
 578       // should always be able to fill the VirtualSpace completely.
 579       if (chunk == NULL) {
 580         break;
 581       }
 582       chunk_manager->return_single_chunk(chunk);
 583     }
 584   }
 585   assert(free_words_in_vs() == 0, "should be empty now");
 586 }
 587 
 588 } // namespace metaspace