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src/hotspot/share/memory/metaspace.hpp

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rev 49736 : [mq]: metaspace-additions-to-jcmd


  40 //               |       |  Virtualspace     |
  41 //               |       |                   |
  42 //               |       |                   |
  43 //               |       |-------------------|
  44 //               |       || Chunk            |
  45 //               |       ||                  |
  46 //               |       ||----------        |
  47 //               +------>||| block 0 |       |
  48 //                       ||----------        |
  49 //                       ||| block 1 |       |
  50 //                       ||----------        |
  51 //                       ||                  |
  52 //                       |-------------------|
  53 //                       |                   |
  54 //                       |                   |
  55 //                       +-------------------+
  56 //
  57 
  58 class ChunkManager;
  59 class ClassLoaderData;

  60 class Metablock;
  61 class Metachunk;
  62 class MetaspaceTracer;
  63 class MetaWord;
  64 class Mutex;
  65 class outputStream;
  66 class PrintCLDMetaspaceInfoClosure;
  67 class SpaceManager;
  68 class VirtualSpaceList;
  69 class CollectedHeap;
  70 
  71 // Metaspaces each have a  SpaceManager and allocations
  72 // are done by the SpaceManager.  Allocations are done
  73 // out of the current Metachunk.  When the current Metachunk
  74 // is exhausted, the SpaceManager gets a new one from
  75 // the current VirtualSpace.  When the VirtualSpace is exhausted
  76 // the SpaceManager gets a new one.  The SpaceManager
  77 // also manages freelists of available Chunks.
  78 //
  79 // Currently the space manager maintains the list of
  80 // virtual spaces and the list of chunks in use.  Its
  81 // allocate() method returns a block for use as a
  82 // quantum of metadata.
  83 
  84 // Namespace for important central static functions
  85 // (auxiliary stuff goes into MetaspaceUtils)
  86 class Metaspace : public AllStatic {
  87 
  88   friend class MetaspaceShared;
  89 
  90  public:
  91   enum MetadataType {
  92     ClassType,
  93     NonClassType,
  94     MetadataTypeCount
  95   };
  96   enum MetaspaceType {
  97     StandardMetaspaceType,
  98     BootMetaspaceType,
  99     AnonymousMetaspaceType,
 100     ReflectionMetaspaceType




 101   };
 102 
 103  private:
 104 
 105   // Align up the word size to the allocation word size
 106   static size_t align_word_size_up(size_t);
 107 
 108   // Aligned size of the metaspace.
 109   static size_t _compressed_class_space_size;
 110 
 111   static size_t compressed_class_space_size() {
 112     return _compressed_class_space_size;
 113   }
 114 
 115   static void set_compressed_class_space_size(size_t size) {
 116     _compressed_class_space_size = size;
 117   }
 118 
 119   static size_t _first_chunk_word_size;
 120   static size_t _first_class_chunk_word_size;


 221 };
 222 
 223 // Manages the metaspace portion belonging to a class loader
 224 class ClassLoaderMetaspace : public CHeapObj<mtClass> {
 225   friend class CollectedHeap; // For expand_and_allocate()
 226   friend class Metaspace;
 227   friend class MetaspaceUtils;
 228   friend class PrintCLDMetaspaceInfoClosure;
 229   friend class VM_CollectForMetadataAllocation; // For expand_and_allocate()
 230 
 231  private:
 232 
 233   void initialize(Mutex* lock, Metaspace::MetaspaceType type);
 234 
 235   // Initialize the first chunk for a Metaspace.  Used for
 236   // special cases such as the boot class loader, reflection
 237   // class loader and anonymous class loader.
 238   void initialize_first_chunk(Metaspace::MetaspaceType type, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 239   Metachunk* get_initialization_chunk(Metaspace::MetaspaceType type, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 240 


 241   SpaceManager* _vsm;
 242   SpaceManager* vsm() const { return _vsm; }
 243 
 244   SpaceManager* _class_vsm;


 245   SpaceManager* class_vsm() const { return _class_vsm; }
 246   SpaceManager* get_space_manager(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
 247     assert(mdtype != Metaspace::MetadataTypeCount, "MetadaTypeCount can't be used as mdtype");
 248     return mdtype == Metaspace::ClassType ? class_vsm() : vsm();
 249   }
 250 


 251   MetaWord* expand_and_allocate(size_t size, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 252 
 253   size_t class_chunk_size(size_t word_size);
 254 



 255  public:
 256 
 257   ClassLoaderMetaspace(Mutex* lock, Metaspace::MetaspaceType type);
 258   ~ClassLoaderMetaspace();
 259 


 260   // Allocate space for metadata of type mdtype. This is space
 261   // within a Metachunk and is used by
 262   //   allocate(ClassLoaderData*, size_t, bool, MetadataType, TRAPS)
 263   MetaWord* allocate(size_t word_size, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 264 
 265   size_t used_words_slow(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const;
 266   size_t free_words_slow(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const;
 267   size_t capacity_words_slow(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const;
 268 
 269   size_t used_bytes_slow(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const;
 270   size_t capacity_bytes_slow(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const;
 271 
 272   size_t allocated_blocks_bytes() const;
 273   size_t allocated_chunks_bytes() const;
 274 
 275   void deallocate(MetaWord* ptr, size_t byte_size, bool is_class);
 276 
 277   void dump(outputStream* const out) const;
 278 
 279   void print_on(outputStream* st) const;
 280   // Debugging support
 281   void verify();
 282 
 283 }; // ClassLoaderMetaspace

 284 

 285 
 286 class MetaspaceUtils : AllStatic {
 287   static size_t free_chunks_total_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 288 
 289   // These methods iterate over the classloader data graph
 290   // for the given Metaspace type.  These are slow.
 291   static size_t used_bytes_slow(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 292   static size_t free_bytes_slow(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 293   static size_t capacity_bytes_slow(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 294   static size_t capacity_bytes_slow();
 295 
 296   // Running sum of space in all Metachunks that has been
 297   // allocated to a Metaspace.  This is used instead of
 298   // iterating over all the classloaders. One for each
 299   // type of Metadata
 300   static size_t _capacity_words[Metaspace:: MetadataTypeCount];
 301   // Running sum of space in all Metachunks that
 302   // are being used for metadata. One for each
 303   // type of Metadata.
 304   static volatile size_t _used_words[Metaspace:: MetadataTypeCount];
 305 
 306  public:
 307   // Decrement and increment _allocated_capacity_words
 308   static void dec_capacity(Metaspace::MetadataType type, size_t words);
 309   static void inc_capacity(Metaspace::MetadataType type, size_t words);
 310 
 311   // Decrement and increment _allocated_used_words
 312   static void dec_used(Metaspace::MetadataType type, size_t words);
 313   static void inc_used(Metaspace::MetadataType type, size_t words);
 314 
 315   // Total of space allocated to metadata in all Metaspaces.
 316   // This sums the space used in each Metachunk by
 317   // iterating over the classloader data graph
 318   static size_t used_bytes_slow() {
 319     return used_bytes_slow(Metaspace::ClassType) +
 320            used_bytes_slow(Metaspace::NonClassType);
 321   }















 322 
 323   // Used by MetaspaceCounters
 324   static size_t free_chunks_total_words();
 325   static size_t free_chunks_total_bytes();
 326   static size_t free_chunks_total_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 327 
 328   static size_t capacity_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
 329     return _capacity_words[mdtype];
 330   }
 331   static size_t capacity_words() {
 332     return capacity_words(Metaspace::NonClassType) +
 333            capacity_words(Metaspace::ClassType);
 334   }
 335   static size_t capacity_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
 336     return capacity_words(mdtype) * BytesPerWord;
 337   }
 338   static size_t capacity_bytes() {
 339     return capacity_words() * BytesPerWord;
 340   }
 341 
 342   static size_t used_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
 343     return _used_words[mdtype];
 344   }
 345   static size_t used_words() {
 346     return used_words(Metaspace::NonClassType) +
 347            used_words(Metaspace::ClassType);
 348   }
 349   static size_t used_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
 350     return used_words(mdtype) * BytesPerWord;
 351   }
 352   static size_t used_bytes() {
 353     return used_words() * BytesPerWord;
 354   }
 355 
 356   static size_t free_bytes();
 357   static size_t free_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 358 
 359   static size_t reserved_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 360   static size_t reserved_bytes() {
 361     return reserved_bytes(Metaspace::ClassType) +
 362            reserved_bytes(Metaspace::NonClassType);
 363   }
 364 
 365   static size_t committed_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 366   static size_t committed_bytes() {
 367     return committed_bytes(Metaspace::ClassType) +
 368            committed_bytes(Metaspace::NonClassType);
 369   }
 370 
 371   static size_t min_chunk_size_words();
 372   static size_t min_chunk_size_bytes() {
 373     return min_chunk_size_words() * BytesPerWord;
 374   }
 375 
 376   static void print_metadata_for_nmt(outputStream* out, size_t scale = K);






















 377 
 378   static bool has_chunk_free_list(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 379   static MetaspaceChunkFreeListSummary chunk_free_list_summary(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 380 
 381   // Print change in used metadata.
 382   static void print_metaspace_change(size_t prev_metadata_used);
 383   static void print_on(outputStream * out);
 384   static void print_on(outputStream * out, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 385 
 386   static void print_class_waste(outputStream* out);
 387   static void print_waste(outputStream* out);
 388 
 389   // Prints an ASCII representation of the given space.
 390   static void print_metaspace_map(outputStream* out, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 391 
 392   static void dump(outputStream* out);
 393   static void verify_free_chunks();
 394   // Checks that the values returned by allocated_capacity_bytes() and
 395   // capacity_bytes_slow() are the same.
 396   static void verify_capacity();
 397   static void verify_used();
 398   static void verify_metrics();
 399 };
 400 
 401 // Metaspace are deallocated when their class loader are GC'ed.
 402 // This class implements a policy for inducing GC's to recover
 403 // Metaspaces.
 404 
 405 class MetaspaceGC : AllStatic {
 406 
 407   // The current high-water-mark for inducing a GC.
 408   // When committed memory of all metaspaces reaches this value,
 409   // a GC is induced and the value is increased. Size is in bytes.
 410   static volatile intptr_t _capacity_until_GC;
 411 
 412   // For a CMS collection, signal that a concurrent collection should
 413   // be started.
 414   static bool _should_concurrent_collect;
 415 
 416   static uint _shrink_factor;
 417 




  40 //               |       |  Virtualspace     |
  41 //               |       |                   |
  42 //               |       |                   |
  43 //               |       |-------------------|
  44 //               |       || Chunk            |
  45 //               |       ||                  |
  46 //               |       ||----------        |
  47 //               +------>||| block 0 |       |
  48 //                       ||----------        |
  49 //                       ||| block 1 |       |
  50 //                       ||----------        |
  51 //                       ||                  |
  52 //                       |-------------------|
  53 //                       |                   |
  54 //                       |                   |
  55 //                       +-------------------+
  56 //
  57 
  58 class ChunkManager;
  59 class ClassLoaderData;
  60 class ClassLoaderMetaspaceStatistics;
  61 class Metablock;
  62 class Metachunk;
  63 class MetaspaceTracer;
  64 class MetaWord;
  65 class Mutex;
  66 class outputStream;
  67 class PrintCLDMetaspaceInfoClosure;
  68 class SpaceManager;
  69 class VirtualSpaceList;
  70 class CollectedHeap;
  71 
  72 // Metaspaces each have a  SpaceManager and allocations
  73 // are done by the SpaceManager.  Allocations are done
  74 // out of the current Metachunk.  When the current Metachunk
  75 // is exhausted, the SpaceManager gets a new one from
  76 // the current VirtualSpace.  When the VirtualSpace is exhausted
  77 // the SpaceManager gets a new one.  The SpaceManager
  78 // also manages freelists of available Chunks.
  79 //
  80 // Currently the space manager maintains the list of
  81 // virtual spaces and the list of chunks in use.  Its
  82 // allocate() method returns a block for use as a
  83 // quantum of metadata.
  84 
  85 // Namespace for important central static functions
  86 // (auxiliary stuff goes into MetaspaceUtils)
  87 class Metaspace : public AllStatic {
  88 
  89   friend class MetaspaceShared;
  90 
  91  public:
  92   enum MetadataType {
  93     ClassType,
  94     NonClassType,
  95     MetadataTypeCount
  96   };
  97   enum MetaspaceType {
  98     ZeroMetaspaceType = 0,
  99     //...
 100     StandardMetaspaceType = ZeroMetaspaceType,
 101     BootMetaspaceType = StandardMetaspaceType + 1,
 102     AnonymousMetaspaceType = BootMetaspaceType + 1,
 103     ReflectionMetaspaceType = AnonymousMetaspaceType + 1,
 104     //..
 105     MetaspaceTypeCount
 106   };
 107 
 108  private:
 109 
 110   // Align up the word size to the allocation word size
 111   static size_t align_word_size_up(size_t);
 112 
 113   // Aligned size of the metaspace.
 114   static size_t _compressed_class_space_size;
 115 
 116   static size_t compressed_class_space_size() {
 117     return _compressed_class_space_size;
 118   }
 119 
 120   static void set_compressed_class_space_size(size_t size) {
 121     _compressed_class_space_size = size;
 122   }
 123 
 124   static size_t _first_chunk_word_size;
 125   static size_t _first_class_chunk_word_size;


 226 };
 227 
 228 // Manages the metaspace portion belonging to a class loader
 229 class ClassLoaderMetaspace : public CHeapObj<mtClass> {
 230   friend class CollectedHeap; // For expand_and_allocate()
 231   friend class Metaspace;
 232   friend class MetaspaceUtils;
 233   friend class PrintCLDMetaspaceInfoClosure;
 234   friend class VM_CollectForMetadataAllocation; // For expand_and_allocate()
 235 
 236  private:
 237 
 238   void initialize(Mutex* lock, Metaspace::MetaspaceType type);
 239 
 240   // Initialize the first chunk for a Metaspace.  Used for
 241   // special cases such as the boot class loader, reflection
 242   // class loader and anonymous class loader.
 243   void initialize_first_chunk(Metaspace::MetaspaceType type, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 244   Metachunk* get_initialization_chunk(Metaspace::MetaspaceType type, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 245 
 246   const Metaspace::MetaspaceType _space_type;
 247   Mutex* const  _lock;
 248   SpaceManager* _vsm;


 249   SpaceManager* _class_vsm;
 250 
 251   SpaceManager* vsm() const { return _vsm; }
 252   SpaceManager* class_vsm() const { return _class_vsm; }
 253   SpaceManager* get_space_manager(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
 254     assert(mdtype != Metaspace::MetadataTypeCount, "MetadaTypeCount can't be used as mdtype");
 255     return mdtype == Metaspace::ClassType ? class_vsm() : vsm();
 256   }
 257 
 258   Mutex* lock() const { return _lock; }
 259 
 260   MetaWord* expand_and_allocate(size_t size, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 261 
 262   size_t class_chunk_size(size_t word_size);
 263 
 264   // Adds to the given statistic object. Must be locked with CLD metaspace lock.
 265   void add_to_statistics_locked(ClassLoaderMetaspaceStatistics* out) const;
 266 
 267  public:
 268 
 269   ClassLoaderMetaspace(Mutex* lock, Metaspace::MetaspaceType type);
 270   ~ClassLoaderMetaspace();
 271 
 272   Metaspace::MetaspaceType space_type() const { return _space_type; }
 273 
 274   // Allocate space for metadata of type mdtype. This is space
 275   // within a Metachunk and is used by
 276   //   allocate(ClassLoaderData*, size_t, bool, MetadataType, TRAPS)
 277   MetaWord* allocate(size_t word_size, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 278 







 279   size_t allocated_blocks_bytes() const;
 280   size_t allocated_chunks_bytes() const;
 281 
 282   void deallocate(MetaWord* ptr, size_t byte_size, bool is_class);
 283 


 284   void print_on(outputStream* st) const;
 285   // Debugging support
 286   void verify();
 287 
 288   // Adds to the given statistic object. Will lock with CLD metaspace lock.
 289   void add_to_statistics(ClassLoaderMetaspaceStatistics* out) const;
 290 
 291 }; // ClassLoaderMetaspace
 292 
 293 class MetaspaceUtils : AllStatic {
 294   static size_t free_chunks_total_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 295 
 296   // Running counters for statistics concerning in-use chunks.
 297   enum StatType {
 298     stat_overhead = 0,
 299     stat_capacity,
 300     stat_used,
 301     stat_free,
 302     stat_waste,
 303     stat_num_values
 304   };
 305   volatile size_t _in_use_stats[stat_num_values][Metaspace::MetadataTypeCount];






 306 
 307   template <StatType e> static void inc_stat_value(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words);
 308   template <StatType e> static void dec_stat_value(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words);
 309   template <StatType e> static size_t get_stat_value(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const;
 310 
 311 public:
 312 
 313   // Collect used metaspace statistics. This involves walking the CLDG. The resulting
 314   // output will be the accumulated values for all live metaspaces.
 315   // Note: method does not do any locking.
 316   static void collect_statistics(ClassLoaderMetaspaceStatistics* out);
 317 
 318   // Atomically decrement or increment in-use statistic counters.
 319   static void dec_capacity(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)    { dec_stat_value<stat_capacity>(mdtype, words); }
 320   static void inc_capacity(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)    { inc_stat_value<stat_capacity>(mdtype, words); }
 321   static size_t capacity_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const        { return get_stat_value<stat_capacity>(mdtype); }
 322 
 323   static void dec_used(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)        { dec_stat_value<stat_used>(mdtype, words); }
 324   static void inc_used(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)        { inc_stat_value<stat_used>(mdtype, words); }
 325   static size_t used_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const            { return get_stat_value<stat_used>(mdtype); }
 326 
 327   static void dec_overhead(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)    { dec_stat_value<stat_overhead>(mdtype, words); }
 328   static void inc_overhead(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)    { inc_stat_value<stat_overhead>(mdtype, words); }
 329   static size_t overhead_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const        { return get_stat_value<stat_overhead>(mdtype); }
 330 
 331   static void dec_free(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)        { dec_stat_value<stat_free>(mdtype, words); }
 332   static void inc_free(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)        { inc_stat_value<stat_free>(mdtype, words); }
 333   static size_t free_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const            { return get_stat_value<stat_free>(mdtype); }
 334 
 335   static void dec_waste(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)       { dec_stat_value<stat_waste>(mdtype, words); }
 336   static void inc_waste(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype, size_t words)       { inc_stat_value<stat_waste>(mdtype, words); }
 337   static size_t waste_words(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) const           { return get_stat_value<stat_waste>(mdtype); }
 338 
 339   // Used by MetaspaceCounters
 340   static size_t free_chunks_total_words();
 341   static size_t free_chunks_total_bytes();
 342   static size_t free_chunks_total_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 343 



 344   static size_t capacity_words() {
 345     return capacity_words(Metaspace::NonClassType) +
 346            capacity_words(Metaspace::ClassType);
 347   }
 348   static size_t capacity_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
 349     return capacity_words(mdtype) * BytesPerWord;
 350   }
 351   static size_t capacity_bytes() {
 352     return capacity_words() * BytesPerWord;
 353   }
 354 



 355   static size_t used_words() {
 356     return used_words(Metaspace::NonClassType) +
 357            used_words(Metaspace::ClassType);
 358   }
 359   static size_t used_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype) {
 360     return used_words(mdtype) * BytesPerWord;
 361   }
 362   static size_t used_bytes() {
 363     return used_words() * BytesPerWord;
 364   }
 365 
 366   static size_t free_bytes();
 367   static size_t free_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 368 
 369   static size_t reserved_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 370   static size_t reserved_bytes() {
 371     return reserved_bytes(Metaspace::ClassType) +
 372            reserved_bytes(Metaspace::NonClassType);
 373   }
 374 
 375   static size_t committed_bytes(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 376   static size_t committed_bytes() {
 377     return committed_bytes(Metaspace::ClassType) +
 378            committed_bytes(Metaspace::NonClassType);
 379   }
 380 
 381   static size_t min_chunk_size_words();
 382   static size_t min_chunk_size_bytes() {
 383     return min_chunk_size_words() * BytesPerWord;
 384   }
 385 
 386   // Flags for print_report().
 387   enum ReportFlag {
 388     // Breaks report down by class loader.
 389     rf_show_loaders                 = (1 << 0),
 390     // Breaks report down by chunk type (small, medium, ...).
 391     rf_break_down_by_chunktype      = (1 << 1),
 392     // Breaks report down by space type (anonymous, reflection, ...).
 393     rf_break_down_by_spacetype      = (1 << 2),
 394     // Print details about the underlying virtual spaces.
 395     rf_show_vslist                  = (1 << 3),
 396     // Print metaspace map.
 397     rf_show_vsmap                   = (1 << 4),
 398     // Print details about the free chunk list.
 399     rf_show_chunk_freelist          = (1 << 5),
 400   };
 401 
 402   // Prints a report about the current metaspace state. Form of report is defined
 403   // by flags (see ReportFlags). In its most basic form (flags == 0), a short
 404   // overview is printed.
 405   // Scale is one of 1, K, M, G - in which case numbers are printed as bytes,
 406   // KB, MB, GB, respectively - or 0, in which case the most suitable scale
 407   // is chosen dynamically.
 408   static void print_report(outputStream* out, size_t scale = 0, int flags = 0);
 409 
 410   static bool has_chunk_free_list(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 411   static MetaspaceChunkFreeListSummary chunk_free_list_summary(Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 412 
 413   // Print change in used metadata.
 414   static void print_metaspace_change(size_t prev_metadata_used);
 415   static void print_on(outputStream * out);




 416 
 417   // Prints an ASCII representation of the given space.
 418   static void print_metaspace_map(outputStream* out, Metaspace::MetadataType mdtype);
 419 
 420   static void dump(outputStream* out);
 421   static void verify_free_chunks();
 422   // Check internal counters (capacity, used).



 423   static void verify_metrics();
 424 };
 425 
 426 // Metaspace are deallocated when their class loader are GC'ed.
 427 // This class implements a policy for inducing GC's to recover
 428 // Metaspaces.
 429 
 430 class MetaspaceGC : AllStatic {
 431 
 432   // The current high-water-mark for inducing a GC.
 433   // When committed memory of all metaspaces reaches this value,
 434   // a GC is induced and the value is increased. Size is in bytes.
 435   static volatile intptr_t _capacity_until_GC;
 436 
 437   // For a CMS collection, signal that a concurrent collection should
 438   // be started.
 439   static bool _should_concurrent_collect;
 440 
 441   static uint _shrink_factor;
 442 


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