1 /* 2 * Copyright (c) 1997, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. 4 * 5 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it 6 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as 7 * published by the Free Software Foundation. 8 * 9 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 10 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or 11 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License 12 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that 13 * accompanied this code). 14 * 15 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version 16 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 17 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 18 * 19 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA 20 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any 21 * questions. 22 * 23 */ 24 25 #include "precompiled.hpp" 26 #include "jvm.h" 27 #include "classfile/classLoader.hpp" 28 #include "classfile/javaClasses.hpp" 29 #include "classfile/moduleEntry.hpp" 30 #include "classfile/systemDictionary.hpp" 31 #include "classfile/vmSymbols.hpp" 32 #include "code/codeCache.hpp" 33 #include "code/icBuffer.hpp" 34 #include "code/vtableStubs.hpp" 35 #include "gc/shared/vmGCOperations.hpp" 36 #include "logging/log.hpp" 37 #include "interpreter/interpreter.hpp" 38 #include "logging/log.hpp" 39 #include "logging/logStream.hpp" 40 #include "memory/allocation.inline.hpp" 41 #ifdef ASSERT 42 #include "memory/guardedMemory.hpp" 43 #endif 44 #include "memory/resourceArea.hpp" 45 #include "oops/oop.inline.hpp" 46 #include "prims/jvm_misc.hpp" 47 #include "prims/privilegedStack.hpp" 48 #include "runtime/arguments.hpp" 49 #include "runtime/atomic.hpp" 50 #include "runtime/frame.inline.hpp" 51 #include "runtime/interfaceSupport.hpp" 52 #include "runtime/java.hpp" 53 #include "runtime/javaCalls.hpp" 54 #include "runtime/mutexLocker.hpp" 55 #include "runtime/os.inline.hpp" 56 #include "runtime/stubRoutines.hpp" 57 #include "runtime/thread.inline.hpp" 58 #include "runtime/threadSMR.hpp" 59 #include "runtime/vm_version.hpp" 60 #include "services/attachListener.hpp" 61 #include "services/mallocTracker.hpp" 62 #include "services/memTracker.hpp" 63 #include "services/nmtCommon.hpp" 64 #include "services/threadService.hpp" 65 #include "utilities/align.hpp" 66 #include "utilities/defaultStream.hpp" 67 #include "utilities/events.hpp" 68 69 # include <signal.h> 70 # include <errno.h> 71 72 OSThread* os::_starting_thread = NULL; 73 address os::_polling_page = NULL; 74 volatile int32_t* os::_mem_serialize_page = NULL; 75 uintptr_t os::_serialize_page_mask = 0; 76 volatile unsigned int os::_rand_seed = 1; 77 int os::_processor_count = 0; 78 int os::_initial_active_processor_count = 0; 79 size_t os::_page_sizes[os::page_sizes_max]; 80 81 #ifndef PRODUCT 82 julong os::num_mallocs = 0; // # of calls to malloc/realloc 83 julong os::alloc_bytes = 0; // # of bytes allocated 84 julong os::num_frees = 0; // # of calls to free 85 julong os::free_bytes = 0; // # of bytes freed 86 #endif 87 88 static size_t cur_malloc_words = 0; // current size for MallocMaxTestWords 89 90 void os_init_globals() { 91 // Called from init_globals(). 92 // See Threads::create_vm() in thread.cpp, and init.cpp. 93 os::init_globals(); 94 } 95 96 // Fill in buffer with current local time as an ISO-8601 string. 97 // E.g., yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss-zzzz. 98 // Returns buffer, or NULL if it failed. 99 // This would mostly be a call to 100 // strftime(...., "%Y-%m-%d" "T" "%H:%M:%S" "%z", ....) 101 // except that on Windows the %z behaves badly, so we do it ourselves. 102 // Also, people wanted milliseconds on there, 103 // and strftime doesn't do milliseconds. 104 char* os::iso8601_time(char* buffer, size_t buffer_length, bool utc) { 105 // Output will be of the form "YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.mmm+zzzz\0" 106 // 1 2 107 // 12345678901234567890123456789 108 // format string: "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%03d%c%02d%02d" 109 static const size_t needed_buffer = 29; 110 111 // Sanity check the arguments 112 if (buffer == NULL) { 113 assert(false, "NULL buffer"); 114 return NULL; 115 } 116 if (buffer_length < needed_buffer) { 117 assert(false, "buffer_length too small"); 118 return NULL; 119 } 120 // Get the current time 121 jlong milliseconds_since_19700101 = javaTimeMillis(); 122 const int milliseconds_per_microsecond = 1000; 123 const time_t seconds_since_19700101 = 124 milliseconds_since_19700101 / milliseconds_per_microsecond; 125 const int milliseconds_after_second = 126 milliseconds_since_19700101 % milliseconds_per_microsecond; 127 // Convert the time value to a tm and timezone variable 128 struct tm time_struct; 129 if (utc) { 130 if (gmtime_pd(&seconds_since_19700101, &time_struct) == NULL) { 131 assert(false, "Failed gmtime_pd"); 132 return NULL; 133 } 134 } else { 135 if (localtime_pd(&seconds_since_19700101, &time_struct) == NULL) { 136 assert(false, "Failed localtime_pd"); 137 return NULL; 138 } 139 } 140 #if defined(_ALLBSD_SOURCE) 141 const time_t zone = (time_t) time_struct.tm_gmtoff; 142 #else 143 const time_t zone = timezone; 144 #endif 145 146 // If daylight savings time is in effect, 147 // we are 1 hour East of our time zone 148 const time_t seconds_per_minute = 60; 149 const time_t minutes_per_hour = 60; 150 const time_t seconds_per_hour = seconds_per_minute * minutes_per_hour; 151 time_t UTC_to_local = zone; 152 if (time_struct.tm_isdst > 0) { 153 UTC_to_local = UTC_to_local - seconds_per_hour; 154 } 155 156 // No offset when dealing with UTC 157 if (utc) { 158 UTC_to_local = 0; 159 } 160 161 // Compute the time zone offset. 162 // localtime_pd() sets timezone to the difference (in seconds) 163 // between UTC and and local time. 164 // ISO 8601 says we need the difference between local time and UTC, 165 // we change the sign of the localtime_pd() result. 166 const time_t local_to_UTC = -(UTC_to_local); 167 // Then we have to figure out if if we are ahead (+) or behind (-) UTC. 168 char sign_local_to_UTC = '+'; 169 time_t abs_local_to_UTC = local_to_UTC; 170 if (local_to_UTC < 0) { 171 sign_local_to_UTC = '-'; 172 abs_local_to_UTC = -(abs_local_to_UTC); 173 } 174 // Convert time zone offset seconds to hours and minutes. 175 const time_t zone_hours = (abs_local_to_UTC / seconds_per_hour); 176 const time_t zone_min = 177 ((abs_local_to_UTC % seconds_per_hour) / seconds_per_minute); 178 179 // Print an ISO 8601 date and time stamp into the buffer 180 const int year = 1900 + time_struct.tm_year; 181 const int month = 1 + time_struct.tm_mon; 182 const int printed = jio_snprintf(buffer, buffer_length, 183 "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%03d%c%02d%02d", 184 year, 185 month, 186 time_struct.tm_mday, 187 time_struct.tm_hour, 188 time_struct.tm_min, 189 time_struct.tm_sec, 190 milliseconds_after_second, 191 sign_local_to_UTC, 192 zone_hours, 193 zone_min); 194 if (printed == 0) { 195 assert(false, "Failed jio_printf"); 196 return NULL; 197 } 198 return buffer; 199 } 200 201 OSReturn os::set_priority(Thread* thread, ThreadPriority p) { 202 debug_only(Thread::check_for_dangling_thread_pointer(thread);) 203 204 if (p >= MinPriority && p <= MaxPriority) { 205 int priority = java_to_os_priority[p]; 206 return set_native_priority(thread, priority); 207 } else { 208 assert(false, "Should not happen"); 209 return OS_ERR; 210 } 211 } 212 213 // The mapping from OS priority back to Java priority may be inexact because 214 // Java priorities can map M:1 with native priorities. If you want the definite 215 // Java priority then use JavaThread::java_priority() 216 OSReturn os::get_priority(const Thread* const thread, ThreadPriority& priority) { 217 int p; 218 int os_prio; 219 OSReturn ret = get_native_priority(thread, &os_prio); 220 if (ret != OS_OK) return ret; 221 222 if (java_to_os_priority[MaxPriority] > java_to_os_priority[MinPriority]) { 223 for (p = MaxPriority; p > MinPriority && java_to_os_priority[p] > os_prio; p--) ; 224 } else { 225 // niceness values are in reverse order 226 for (p = MaxPriority; p > MinPriority && java_to_os_priority[p] < os_prio; p--) ; 227 } 228 priority = (ThreadPriority)p; 229 return OS_OK; 230 } 231 232 bool os::dll_build_name(char* buffer, size_t size, const char* fname) { 233 int n = jio_snprintf(buffer, size, "%s%s%s", JNI_LIB_PREFIX, fname, JNI_LIB_SUFFIX); 234 return (n != -1); 235 } 236 237 // Helper for dll_locate_lib. 238 // Pass buffer and printbuffer as we already printed the path to buffer 239 // when we called get_current_directory. This way we avoid another buffer 240 // of size MAX_PATH. 241 static bool conc_path_file_and_check(char *buffer, char *printbuffer, size_t printbuflen, 242 const char* pname, char lastchar, const char* fname) { 243 244 // Concatenate path and file name, but don't print double path separators. 245 const char *filesep = (WINDOWS_ONLY(lastchar == ':' ||) lastchar == os::file_separator()[0]) ? 246 "" : os::file_separator(); 247 int ret = jio_snprintf(printbuffer, printbuflen, "%s%s%s", pname, filesep, fname); 248 // Check whether file exists. 249 if (ret != -1) { 250 struct stat statbuf; 251 return os::stat(buffer, &statbuf) == 0; 252 } 253 return false; 254 } 255 256 bool os::dll_locate_lib(char *buffer, size_t buflen, 257 const char* pname, const char* fname) { 258 bool retval = false; 259 260 size_t fullfnamelen = strlen(JNI_LIB_PREFIX) + strlen(fname) + strlen(JNI_LIB_SUFFIX); 261 char* fullfname = (char*)NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, fullfnamelen + 1, mtInternal); 262 if (dll_build_name(fullfname, fullfnamelen + 1, fname)) { 263 const size_t pnamelen = pname ? strlen(pname) : 0; 264 265 if (pnamelen == 0) { 266 // If no path given, use current working directory. 267 const char* p = get_current_directory(buffer, buflen); 268 if (p != NULL) { 269 const size_t plen = strlen(buffer); 270 const char lastchar = buffer[plen - 1]; 271 retval = conc_path_file_and_check(buffer, &buffer[plen], buflen - plen, 272 "", lastchar, fullfname); 273 } 274 } else if (strchr(pname, *os::path_separator()) != NULL) { 275 // A list of paths. Search for the path that contains the library. 276 int n; 277 char** pelements = split_path(pname, &n); 278 if (pelements != NULL) { 279 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { 280 char* path = pelements[i]; 281 // Really shouldn't be NULL, but check can't hurt. 282 size_t plen = (path == NULL) ? 0 : strlen(path); 283 if (plen == 0) { 284 continue; // Skip the empty path values. 285 } 286 const char lastchar = path[plen - 1]; 287 retval = conc_path_file_and_check(buffer, buffer, buflen, path, lastchar, fullfname); 288 if (retval) break; 289 } 290 // Release the storage allocated by split_path. 291 for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { 292 if (pelements[i] != NULL) { 293 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, pelements[i]); 294 } 295 } 296 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char*, pelements); 297 } 298 } else { 299 // A definite path. 300 const char lastchar = pname[pnamelen-1]; 301 retval = conc_path_file_and_check(buffer, buffer, buflen, pname, lastchar, fullfname); 302 } 303 } 304 305 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char*, fullfname); 306 return retval; 307 } 308 309 // --------------------- sun.misc.Signal (optional) --------------------- 310 311 312 // SIGBREAK is sent by the keyboard to query the VM state 313 #ifndef SIGBREAK 314 #define SIGBREAK SIGQUIT 315 #endif 316 317 // sigexitnum_pd is a platform-specific special signal used for terminating the Signal thread. 318 319 320 static void signal_thread_entry(JavaThread* thread, TRAPS) { 321 os::set_priority(thread, NearMaxPriority); 322 while (true) { 323 int sig; 324 { 325 // FIXME : Currently we have not decided what should be the status 326 // for this java thread blocked here. Once we decide about 327 // that we should fix this. 328 sig = os::signal_wait(); 329 } 330 if (sig == os::sigexitnum_pd()) { 331 // Terminate the signal thread 332 return; 333 } 334 335 switch (sig) { 336 case SIGBREAK: { 337 // Check if the signal is a trigger to start the Attach Listener - in that 338 // case don't print stack traces. 339 if (!DisableAttachMechanism && AttachListener::is_init_trigger()) { 340 continue; 341 } 342 // Print stack traces 343 // Any SIGBREAK operations added here should make sure to flush 344 // the output stream (e.g. tty->flush()) after output. See 4803766. 345 // Each module also prints an extra carriage return after its output. 346 VM_PrintThreads op; 347 VMThread::execute(&op); 348 VM_PrintJNI jni_op; 349 VMThread::execute(&jni_op); 350 VM_FindDeadlocks op1(tty); 351 VMThread::execute(&op1); 352 Universe::print_heap_at_SIGBREAK(); 353 if (PrintClassHistogram) { 354 VM_GC_HeapInspection op1(tty, true /* force full GC before heap inspection */); 355 VMThread::execute(&op1); 356 } 357 if (JvmtiExport::should_post_data_dump()) { 358 JvmtiExport::post_data_dump(); 359 } 360 break; 361 } 362 default: { 363 // Dispatch the signal to java 364 HandleMark hm(THREAD); 365 Klass* klass = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_null(vmSymbols::jdk_internal_misc_Signal(), THREAD); 366 if (klass != NULL) { 367 JavaValue result(T_VOID); 368 JavaCallArguments args; 369 args.push_int(sig); 370 JavaCalls::call_static( 371 &result, 372 klass, 373 vmSymbols::dispatch_name(), 374 vmSymbols::int_void_signature(), 375 &args, 376 THREAD 377 ); 378 } 379 if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) { 380 // tty is initialized early so we don't expect it to be null, but 381 // if it is we can't risk doing an initialization that might 382 // trigger additional out-of-memory conditions 383 if (tty != NULL) { 384 char klass_name[256]; 385 char tmp_sig_name[16]; 386 const char* sig_name = "UNKNOWN"; 387 InstanceKlass::cast(PENDING_EXCEPTION->klass())-> 388 name()->as_klass_external_name(klass_name, 256); 389 if (os::exception_name(sig, tmp_sig_name, 16) != NULL) 390 sig_name = tmp_sig_name; 391 warning("Exception %s occurred dispatching signal %s to handler" 392 "- the VM may need to be forcibly terminated", 393 klass_name, sig_name ); 394 } 395 CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; 396 } 397 } 398 } 399 } 400 } 401 402 void os::init_before_ergo() { 403 initialize_initial_active_processor_count(); 404 // We need to initialize large page support here because ergonomics takes some 405 // decisions depending on large page support and the calculated large page size. 406 large_page_init(); 407 408 // We need to adapt the configured number of stack protection pages given 409 // in 4K pages to the actual os page size. We must do this before setting 410 // up minimal stack sizes etc. in os::init_2(). 411 JavaThread::set_stack_red_zone_size (align_up(StackRedPages * 4 * K, vm_page_size())); 412 JavaThread::set_stack_yellow_zone_size (align_up(StackYellowPages * 4 * K, vm_page_size())); 413 JavaThread::set_stack_reserved_zone_size(align_up(StackReservedPages * 4 * K, vm_page_size())); 414 JavaThread::set_stack_shadow_zone_size (align_up(StackShadowPages * 4 * K, vm_page_size())); 415 416 // VM version initialization identifies some characteristics of the 417 // platform that are used during ergonomic decisions. 418 VM_Version::init_before_ergo(); 419 } 420 421 void os::signal_init(TRAPS) { 422 if (!ReduceSignalUsage) { 423 // Setup JavaThread for processing signals 424 Klass* k = SystemDictionary::resolve_or_fail(vmSymbols::java_lang_Thread(), true, CHECK); 425 InstanceKlass* ik = InstanceKlass::cast(k); 426 instanceHandle thread_oop = ik->allocate_instance_handle(CHECK); 427 428 const char thread_name[] = "Signal Dispatcher"; 429 Handle string = java_lang_String::create_from_str(thread_name, CHECK); 430 431 // Initialize thread_oop to put it into the system threadGroup 432 Handle thread_group (THREAD, Universe::system_thread_group()); 433 JavaValue result(T_VOID); 434 JavaCalls::call_special(&result, thread_oop, 435 ik, 436 vmSymbols::object_initializer_name(), 437 vmSymbols::threadgroup_string_void_signature(), 438 thread_group, 439 string, 440 CHECK); 441 442 Klass* group = SystemDictionary::ThreadGroup_klass(); 443 JavaCalls::call_special(&result, 444 thread_group, 445 group, 446 vmSymbols::add_method_name(), 447 vmSymbols::thread_void_signature(), 448 thread_oop, // ARG 1 449 CHECK); 450 451 os::signal_init_pd(); 452 453 { MutexLocker mu(Threads_lock); 454 JavaThread* signal_thread = new JavaThread(&signal_thread_entry); 455 456 // At this point it may be possible that no osthread was created for the 457 // JavaThread due to lack of memory. We would have to throw an exception 458 // in that case. However, since this must work and we do not allow 459 // exceptions anyway, check and abort if this fails. 460 if (signal_thread == NULL || signal_thread->osthread() == NULL) { 461 vm_exit_during_initialization("java.lang.OutOfMemoryError", 462 os::native_thread_creation_failed_msg()); 463 } 464 465 java_lang_Thread::set_thread(thread_oop(), signal_thread); 466 java_lang_Thread::set_priority(thread_oop(), NearMaxPriority); 467 java_lang_Thread::set_daemon(thread_oop()); 468 469 signal_thread->set_threadObj(thread_oop()); 470 Threads::add(signal_thread); 471 Thread::start(signal_thread); 472 } 473 // Handle ^BREAK 474 os::signal(SIGBREAK, os::user_handler()); 475 } 476 } 477 478 479 void os::terminate_signal_thread() { 480 if (!ReduceSignalUsage) 481 signal_notify(sigexitnum_pd()); 482 } 483 484 485 // --------------------- loading libraries --------------------- 486 487 typedef jint (JNICALL *JNI_OnLoad_t)(JavaVM *, void *); 488 extern struct JavaVM_ main_vm; 489 490 static void* _native_java_library = NULL; 491 492 void* os::native_java_library() { 493 if (_native_java_library == NULL) { 494 char buffer[JVM_MAXPATHLEN]; 495 char ebuf[1024]; 496 497 // Try to load verify dll first. In 1.3 java dll depends on it and is not 498 // always able to find it when the loading executable is outside the JDK. 499 // In order to keep working with 1.2 we ignore any loading errors. 500 if (dll_locate_lib(buffer, sizeof(buffer), Arguments::get_dll_dir(), 501 "verify")) { 502 dll_load(buffer, ebuf, sizeof(ebuf)); 503 } 504 505 // Load java dll 506 if (dll_locate_lib(buffer, sizeof(buffer), Arguments::get_dll_dir(), 507 "java")) { 508 _native_java_library = dll_load(buffer, ebuf, sizeof(ebuf)); 509 } 510 if (_native_java_library == NULL) { 511 vm_exit_during_initialization("Unable to load native library", ebuf); 512 } 513 514 #if defined(__OpenBSD__) 515 // Work-around OpenBSD's lack of $ORIGIN support by pre-loading libnet.so 516 // ignore errors 517 if (dll_locate_lib(buffer, sizeof(buffer), Arguments::get_dll_dir(), 518 "net")) { 519 dll_load(buffer, ebuf, sizeof(ebuf)); 520 } 521 #endif 522 } 523 return _native_java_library; 524 } 525 526 /* 527 * Support for finding Agent_On(Un)Load/Attach<_lib_name> if it exists. 528 * If check_lib == true then we are looking for an 529 * Agent_OnLoad_lib_name or Agent_OnAttach_lib_name function to determine if 530 * this library is statically linked into the image. 531 * If check_lib == false then we will look for the appropriate symbol in the 532 * executable if agent_lib->is_static_lib() == true or in the shared library 533 * referenced by 'handle'. 534 */ 535 void* os::find_agent_function(AgentLibrary *agent_lib, bool check_lib, 536 const char *syms[], size_t syms_len) { 537 assert(agent_lib != NULL, "sanity check"); 538 const char *lib_name; 539 void *handle = agent_lib->os_lib(); 540 void *entryName = NULL; 541 char *agent_function_name; 542 size_t i; 543 544 // If checking then use the agent name otherwise test is_static_lib() to 545 // see how to process this lookup 546 lib_name = ((check_lib || agent_lib->is_static_lib()) ? agent_lib->name() : NULL); 547 for (i = 0; i < syms_len; i++) { 548 agent_function_name = build_agent_function_name(syms[i], lib_name, agent_lib->is_absolute_path()); 549 if (agent_function_name == NULL) { 550 break; 551 } 552 entryName = dll_lookup(handle, agent_function_name); 553 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, agent_function_name); 554 if (entryName != NULL) { 555 break; 556 } 557 } 558 return entryName; 559 } 560 561 // See if the passed in agent is statically linked into the VM image. 562 bool os::find_builtin_agent(AgentLibrary *agent_lib, const char *syms[], 563 size_t syms_len) { 564 void *ret; 565 void *proc_handle; 566 void *save_handle; 567 568 assert(agent_lib != NULL, "sanity check"); 569 if (agent_lib->name() == NULL) { 570 return false; 571 } 572 proc_handle = get_default_process_handle(); 573 // Check for Agent_OnLoad/Attach_lib_name function 574 save_handle = agent_lib->os_lib(); 575 // We want to look in this process' symbol table. 576 agent_lib->set_os_lib(proc_handle); 577 ret = find_agent_function(agent_lib, true, syms, syms_len); 578 if (ret != NULL) { 579 // Found an entry point like Agent_OnLoad_lib_name so we have a static agent 580 agent_lib->set_valid(); 581 agent_lib->set_static_lib(true); 582 return true; 583 } 584 agent_lib->set_os_lib(save_handle); 585 return false; 586 } 587 588 // --------------------- heap allocation utilities --------------------- 589 590 char *os::strdup(const char *str, MEMFLAGS flags) { 591 size_t size = strlen(str); 592 char *dup_str = (char *)malloc(size + 1, flags); 593 if (dup_str == NULL) return NULL; 594 strcpy(dup_str, str); 595 return dup_str; 596 } 597 598 char* os::strdup_check_oom(const char* str, MEMFLAGS flags) { 599 char* p = os::strdup(str, flags); 600 if (p == NULL) { 601 vm_exit_out_of_memory(strlen(str) + 1, OOM_MALLOC_ERROR, "os::strdup_check_oom"); 602 } 603 return p; 604 } 605 606 607 #define paranoid 0 /* only set to 1 if you suspect checking code has bug */ 608 609 #ifdef ASSERT 610 611 static void verify_memory(void* ptr) { 612 GuardedMemory guarded(ptr); 613 if (!guarded.verify_guards()) { 614 LogTarget(Warning, malloc, free) lt; 615 ResourceMark rm; 616 LogStream ls(lt); 617 ls.print_cr("## nof_mallocs = " UINT64_FORMAT ", nof_frees = " UINT64_FORMAT, os::num_mallocs, os::num_frees); 618 ls.print_cr("## memory stomp:"); 619 guarded.print_on(&ls); 620 fatal("memory stomping error"); 621 } 622 } 623 624 #endif 625 626 // 627 // This function supports testing of the malloc out of memory 628 // condition without really running the system out of memory. 629 // 630 static bool has_reached_max_malloc_test_peak(size_t alloc_size) { 631 if (MallocMaxTestWords > 0) { 632 size_t words = (alloc_size / BytesPerWord); 633 634 if ((cur_malloc_words + words) > MallocMaxTestWords) { 635 return true; 636 } 637 Atomic::add(words, &cur_malloc_words); 638 } 639 return false; 640 } 641 642 void* os::malloc(size_t size, MEMFLAGS flags) { 643 return os::malloc(size, flags, CALLER_PC); 644 } 645 646 void* os::malloc(size_t size, MEMFLAGS memflags, const NativeCallStack& stack) { 647 NOT_PRODUCT(inc_stat_counter(&num_mallocs, 1)); 648 NOT_PRODUCT(inc_stat_counter(&alloc_bytes, size)); 649 650 // Since os::malloc can be called when the libjvm.{dll,so} is 651 // first loaded and we don't have a thread yet we must accept NULL also here. 652 assert(!os::ThreadCrashProtection::is_crash_protected(Thread::current_or_null()), 653 "malloc() not allowed when crash protection is set"); 654 655 if (size == 0) { 656 // return a valid pointer if size is zero 657 // if NULL is returned the calling functions assume out of memory. 658 size = 1; 659 } 660 661 // NMT support 662 NMT_TrackingLevel level = MemTracker::tracking_level(); 663 size_t nmt_header_size = MemTracker::malloc_header_size(level); 664 665 #ifndef ASSERT 666 const size_t alloc_size = size + nmt_header_size; 667 #else 668 const size_t alloc_size = GuardedMemory::get_total_size(size + nmt_header_size); 669 if (size + nmt_header_size > alloc_size) { // Check for rollover. 670 return NULL; 671 } 672 #endif 673 674 // For the test flag -XX:MallocMaxTestWords 675 if (has_reached_max_malloc_test_peak(size)) { 676 return NULL; 677 } 678 679 u_char* ptr; 680 ptr = (u_char*)::malloc(alloc_size); 681 682 #ifdef ASSERT 683 if (ptr == NULL) { 684 return NULL; 685 } 686 // Wrap memory with guard 687 GuardedMemory guarded(ptr, size + nmt_header_size); 688 ptr = guarded.get_user_ptr(); 689 #endif 690 if ((intptr_t)ptr == (intptr_t)MallocCatchPtr) { 691 log_warning(malloc, free)("os::malloc caught, " SIZE_FORMAT " bytes --> " PTR_FORMAT, size, p2i(ptr)); 692 breakpoint(); 693 } 694 debug_only(if (paranoid) verify_memory(ptr)); 695 696 // we do not track guard memory 697 return MemTracker::record_malloc((address)ptr, size, memflags, stack, level); 698 } 699 700 void* os::realloc(void *memblock, size_t size, MEMFLAGS flags) { 701 return os::realloc(memblock, size, flags, CALLER_PC); 702 } 703 704 void* os::realloc(void *memblock, size_t size, MEMFLAGS memflags, const NativeCallStack& stack) { 705 706 // For the test flag -XX:MallocMaxTestWords 707 if (has_reached_max_malloc_test_peak(size)) { 708 return NULL; 709 } 710 711 if (size == 0) { 712 // return a valid pointer if size is zero 713 // if NULL is returned the calling functions assume out of memory. 714 size = 1; 715 } 716 717 #ifndef ASSERT 718 NOT_PRODUCT(inc_stat_counter(&num_mallocs, 1)); 719 NOT_PRODUCT(inc_stat_counter(&alloc_bytes, size)); 720 // NMT support 721 void* membase = MemTracker::record_free(memblock); 722 NMT_TrackingLevel level = MemTracker::tracking_level(); 723 size_t nmt_header_size = MemTracker::malloc_header_size(level); 724 void* ptr = ::realloc(membase, size + nmt_header_size); 725 return MemTracker::record_malloc(ptr, size, memflags, stack, level); 726 #else 727 if (memblock == NULL) { 728 return os::malloc(size, memflags, stack); 729 } 730 if ((intptr_t)memblock == (intptr_t)MallocCatchPtr) { 731 log_warning(malloc, free)("os::realloc caught " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(memblock)); 732 breakpoint(); 733 } 734 // NMT support 735 void* membase = MemTracker::malloc_base(memblock); 736 verify_memory(membase); 737 // always move the block 738 void* ptr = os::malloc(size, memflags, stack); 739 // Copy to new memory if malloc didn't fail 740 if (ptr != NULL ) { 741 GuardedMemory guarded(MemTracker::malloc_base(memblock)); 742 // Guard's user data contains NMT header 743 size_t memblock_size = guarded.get_user_size() - MemTracker::malloc_header_size(memblock); 744 memcpy(ptr, memblock, MIN2(size, memblock_size)); 745 if (paranoid) verify_memory(MemTracker::malloc_base(ptr)); 746 if ((intptr_t)ptr == (intptr_t)MallocCatchPtr) { 747 log_warning(malloc, free)("os::realloc caught, " SIZE_FORMAT " bytes --> " PTR_FORMAT, size, p2i(ptr)); 748 breakpoint(); 749 } 750 os::free(memblock); 751 } 752 return ptr; 753 #endif 754 } 755 756 757 void os::free(void *memblock) { 758 NOT_PRODUCT(inc_stat_counter(&num_frees, 1)); 759 #ifdef ASSERT 760 if (memblock == NULL) return; 761 if ((intptr_t)memblock == (intptr_t)MallocCatchPtr) { 762 log_warning(malloc, free)("os::free caught " PTR_FORMAT, p2i(memblock)); 763 breakpoint(); 764 } 765 void* membase = MemTracker::record_free(memblock); 766 verify_memory(membase); 767 768 GuardedMemory guarded(membase); 769 size_t size = guarded.get_user_size(); 770 inc_stat_counter(&free_bytes, size); 771 membase = guarded.release_for_freeing(); 772 ::free(membase); 773 #else 774 void* membase = MemTracker::record_free(memblock); 775 ::free(membase); 776 #endif 777 } 778 779 void os::init_random(unsigned int initval) { 780 _rand_seed = initval; 781 } 782 783 784 static int random_helper(unsigned int rand_seed) { 785 /* standard, well-known linear congruential random generator with 786 * next_rand = (16807*seed) mod (2**31-1) 787 * see 788 * (1) "Random Number Generators: Good Ones Are Hard to Find", 789 * S.K. Park and K.W. Miller, Communications of the ACM 31:10 (Oct 1988), 790 * (2) "Two Fast Implementations of the 'Minimal Standard' Random 791 * Number Generator", David G. Carta, Comm. ACM 33, 1 (Jan 1990), pp. 87-88. 792 */ 793 const unsigned int a = 16807; 794 const unsigned int m = 2147483647; 795 const int q = m / a; assert(q == 127773, "weird math"); 796 const int r = m % a; assert(r == 2836, "weird math"); 797 798 // compute az=2^31p+q 799 unsigned int lo = a * (rand_seed & 0xFFFF); 800 unsigned int hi = a * (rand_seed >> 16); 801 lo += (hi & 0x7FFF) << 16; 802 803 // if q overflowed, ignore the overflow and increment q 804 if (lo > m) { 805 lo &= m; 806 ++lo; 807 } 808 lo += hi >> 15; 809 810 // if (p+q) overflowed, ignore the overflow and increment (p+q) 811 if (lo > m) { 812 lo &= m; 813 ++lo; 814 } 815 return lo; 816 } 817 818 int os::random() { 819 // Make updating the random seed thread safe. 820 while (true) { 821 unsigned int seed = _rand_seed; 822 unsigned int rand = random_helper(seed); 823 if (Atomic::cmpxchg(rand, &_rand_seed, seed) == seed) { 824 return static_cast<int>(rand); 825 } 826 } 827 } 828 829 // The INITIALIZED state is distinguished from the SUSPENDED state because the 830 // conditions in which a thread is first started are different from those in which 831 // a suspension is resumed. These differences make it hard for us to apply the 832 // tougher checks when starting threads that we want to do when resuming them. 833 // However, when start_thread is called as a result of Thread.start, on a Java 834 // thread, the operation is synchronized on the Java Thread object. So there 835 // cannot be a race to start the thread and hence for the thread to exit while 836 // we are working on it. Non-Java threads that start Java threads either have 837 // to do so in a context in which races are impossible, or should do appropriate 838 // locking. 839 840 void os::start_thread(Thread* thread) { 841 // guard suspend/resume 842 MutexLockerEx ml(thread->SR_lock(), Mutex::_no_safepoint_check_flag); 843 OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread(); 844 osthread->set_state(RUNNABLE); 845 pd_start_thread(thread); 846 } 847 848 void os::abort(bool dump_core) { 849 abort(dump_core && CreateCoredumpOnCrash, NULL, NULL); 850 } 851 852 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 853 // Helper functions for fatal error handler 854 855 void os::print_hex_dump(outputStream* st, address start, address end, int unitsize) { 856 assert(unitsize == 1 || unitsize == 2 || unitsize == 4 || unitsize == 8, "just checking"); 857 858 int cols = 0; 859 int cols_per_line = 0; 860 switch (unitsize) { 861 case 1: cols_per_line = 16; break; 862 case 2: cols_per_line = 8; break; 863 case 4: cols_per_line = 4; break; 864 case 8: cols_per_line = 2; break; 865 default: return; 866 } 867 868 address p = start; 869 st->print(PTR_FORMAT ": ", p2i(start)); 870 while (p < end) { 871 switch (unitsize) { 872 case 1: st->print("%02x", *(u1*)p); break; 873 case 2: st->print("%04x", *(u2*)p); break; 874 case 4: st->print("%08x", *(u4*)p); break; 875 case 8: st->print("%016" FORMAT64_MODIFIER "x", *(u8*)p); break; 876 } 877 p += unitsize; 878 cols++; 879 if (cols >= cols_per_line && p < end) { 880 cols = 0; 881 st->cr(); 882 st->print(PTR_FORMAT ": ", p2i(p)); 883 } else { 884 st->print(" "); 885 } 886 } 887 st->cr(); 888 } 889 890 void os::print_environment_variables(outputStream* st, const char** env_list) { 891 if (env_list) { 892 st->print_cr("Environment Variables:"); 893 894 for (int i = 0; env_list[i] != NULL; i++) { 895 char *envvar = ::getenv(env_list[i]); 896 if (envvar != NULL) { 897 st->print("%s", env_list[i]); 898 st->print("="); 899 st->print_cr("%s", envvar); 900 } 901 } 902 } 903 } 904 905 void os::print_cpu_info(outputStream* st, char* buf, size_t buflen) { 906 // cpu 907 st->print("CPU:"); 908 st->print("total %d", os::processor_count()); 909 // It's not safe to query number of active processors after crash 910 // st->print("(active %d)", os::active_processor_count()); but we can 911 // print the initial number of active processors. 912 // We access the raw value here because the assert in the accessor will 913 // fail if the crash occurs before initialization of this value. 914 st->print(" (initial active %d)", _initial_active_processor_count); 915 st->print(" %s", VM_Version::features_string()); 916 st->cr(); 917 pd_print_cpu_info(st, buf, buflen); 918 } 919 920 // Print a one line string summarizing the cpu, number of cores, memory, and operating system version 921 void os::print_summary_info(outputStream* st, char* buf, size_t buflen) { 922 st->print("Host: "); 923 #ifndef PRODUCT 924 if (get_host_name(buf, buflen)) { 925 st->print("%s, ", buf); 926 } 927 #endif // PRODUCT 928 get_summary_cpu_info(buf, buflen); 929 st->print("%s, ", buf); 930 size_t mem = physical_memory()/G; 931 if (mem == 0) { // for low memory systems 932 mem = physical_memory()/M; 933 st->print("%d cores, " SIZE_FORMAT "M, ", processor_count(), mem); 934 } else { 935 st->print("%d cores, " SIZE_FORMAT "G, ", processor_count(), mem); 936 } 937 get_summary_os_info(buf, buflen); 938 st->print_raw(buf); 939 st->cr(); 940 } 941 942 void os::print_date_and_time(outputStream *st, char* buf, size_t buflen) { 943 const int secs_per_day = 86400; 944 const int secs_per_hour = 3600; 945 const int secs_per_min = 60; 946 947 time_t tloc; 948 (void)time(&tloc); 949 char* timestring = ctime(&tloc); // ctime adds newline. 950 // edit out the newline 951 char* nl = strchr(timestring, '\n'); 952 if (nl != NULL) { 953 *nl = '\0'; 954 } 955 956 struct tm tz; 957 if (localtime_pd(&tloc, &tz) != NULL) { 958 ::strftime(buf, buflen, "%Z", &tz); 959 st->print("Time: %s %s", timestring, buf); 960 } else { 961 st->print("Time: %s", timestring); 962 } 963 964 double t = os::elapsedTime(); 965 // NOTE: It tends to crash after a SEGV if we want to printf("%f",...) in 966 // Linux. Must be a bug in glibc ? Workaround is to round "t" to int 967 // before printf. We lost some precision, but who cares? 968 int eltime = (int)t; // elapsed time in seconds 969 970 // print elapsed time in a human-readable format: 971 int eldays = eltime / secs_per_day; 972 int day_secs = eldays * secs_per_day; 973 int elhours = (eltime - day_secs) / secs_per_hour; 974 int hour_secs = elhours * secs_per_hour; 975 int elmins = (eltime - day_secs - hour_secs) / secs_per_min; 976 int minute_secs = elmins * secs_per_min; 977 int elsecs = (eltime - day_secs - hour_secs - minute_secs); 978 st->print_cr(" elapsed time: %d seconds (%dd %dh %dm %ds)", eltime, eldays, elhours, elmins, elsecs); 979 } 980 981 // moved from debug.cpp (used to be find()) but still called from there 982 // The verbose parameter is only set by the debug code in one case 983 void os::print_location(outputStream* st, intptr_t x, bool verbose) { 984 address addr = (address)x; 985 // Handle NULL first, so later checks don't need to protect against it. 986 if (addr == NULL) { 987 st->print_cr("0x0 is NULL"); 988 return; 989 } 990 CodeBlob* b = CodeCache::find_blob_unsafe(addr); 991 if (b != NULL) { 992 if (b->is_buffer_blob()) { 993 // the interpreter is generated into a buffer blob 994 InterpreterCodelet* i = Interpreter::codelet_containing(addr); 995 if (i != NULL) { 996 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is at code_begin+%d in an Interpreter codelet", p2i(addr), (int)(addr - i->code_begin())); 997 i->print_on(st); 998 return; 999 } 1000 if (Interpreter::contains(addr)) { 1001 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is pointing into interpreter code" 1002 " (not bytecode specific)", p2i(addr)); 1003 return; 1004 } 1005 // 1006 if (AdapterHandlerLibrary::contains(b)) { 1007 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is at code_begin+%d in an AdapterHandler", p2i(addr), (int)(addr - b->code_begin())); 1008 AdapterHandlerLibrary::print_handler_on(st, b); 1009 } 1010 // the stubroutines are generated into a buffer blob 1011 StubCodeDesc* d = StubCodeDesc::desc_for(addr); 1012 if (d != NULL) { 1013 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is at begin+%d in a stub", p2i(addr), (int)(addr - d->begin())); 1014 d->print_on(st); 1015 st->cr(); 1016 return; 1017 } 1018 if (StubRoutines::contains(addr)) { 1019 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is pointing to an (unnamed) stub routine", p2i(addr)); 1020 return; 1021 } 1022 // the InlineCacheBuffer is using stubs generated into a buffer blob 1023 if (InlineCacheBuffer::contains(addr)) { 1024 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is pointing into InlineCacheBuffer", p2i(addr)); 1025 return; 1026 } 1027 VtableStub* v = VtableStubs::stub_containing(addr); 1028 if (v != NULL) { 1029 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is at entry_point+%d in a vtable stub", p2i(addr), (int)(addr - v->entry_point())); 1030 v->print_on(st); 1031 st->cr(); 1032 return; 1033 } 1034 } 1035 nmethod* nm = b->as_nmethod_or_null(); 1036 if (nm != NULL) { 1037 ResourceMark rm; 1038 st->print(INTPTR_FORMAT " is at entry_point+%d in (nmethod*)" INTPTR_FORMAT, 1039 p2i(addr), (int)(addr - nm->entry_point()), p2i(nm)); 1040 if (verbose) { 1041 st->print(" for "); 1042 nm->method()->print_value_on(st); 1043 } 1044 st->cr(); 1045 nm->print_nmethod(verbose); 1046 return; 1047 } 1048 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is at code_begin+%d in ", p2i(addr), (int)(addr - b->code_begin())); 1049 b->print_on(st); 1050 return; 1051 } 1052 1053 if (Universe::heap()->is_in(addr)) { 1054 HeapWord* p = Universe::heap()->block_start(addr); 1055 bool print = false; 1056 // If we couldn't find it it just may mean that heap wasn't parsable 1057 // See if we were just given an oop directly 1058 if (p != NULL && Universe::heap()->block_is_obj(p)) { 1059 print = true; 1060 } else if (p == NULL && oopDesc::is_oop(oop(addr))) { 1061 p = (HeapWord*) addr; 1062 print = true; 1063 } 1064 if (print) { 1065 if (p == (HeapWord*) addr) { 1066 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is an oop", p2i(addr)); 1067 } else { 1068 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is pointing into object: " INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(addr), p2i(p)); 1069 } 1070 oop(p)->print_on(st); 1071 return; 1072 } 1073 } else { 1074 if (Universe::heap()->is_in_reserved(addr)) { 1075 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is an unallocated location " 1076 "in the heap", p2i(addr)); 1077 return; 1078 } 1079 } 1080 if (JNIHandles::is_global_handle((jobject) addr)) { 1081 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is a global jni handle", p2i(addr)); 1082 return; 1083 } 1084 if (JNIHandles::is_weak_global_handle((jobject) addr)) { 1085 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is a weak global jni handle", p2i(addr)); 1086 return; 1087 } 1088 #ifndef PRODUCT 1089 // we don't keep the block list in product mode 1090 if (JNIHandles::is_local_handle((jobject) addr)) { 1091 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is a local jni handle", p2i(addr)); 1092 return; 1093 } 1094 #endif 1095 1096 for (JavaThreadIteratorWithHandle jtiwh; JavaThread *thread = jtiwh.next(); ) { 1097 // Check for privilege stack 1098 if (thread->privileged_stack_top() != NULL && 1099 thread->privileged_stack_top()->contains(addr)) { 1100 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is pointing into the privilege stack " 1101 "for thread: " INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(addr), p2i(thread)); 1102 if (verbose) thread->print_on(st); 1103 return; 1104 } 1105 // If the addr is a java thread print information about that. 1106 if (addr == (address)thread) { 1107 if (verbose) { 1108 thread->print_on(st); 1109 } else { 1110 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is a thread", p2i(addr)); 1111 } 1112 return; 1113 } 1114 // If the addr is in the stack region for this thread then report that 1115 // and print thread info 1116 if (thread->on_local_stack(addr)) { 1117 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is pointing into the stack for thread: " 1118 INTPTR_FORMAT, p2i(addr), p2i(thread)); 1119 if (verbose) thread->print_on(st); 1120 return; 1121 } 1122 } 1123 1124 // Check if in metaspace and print types that have vptrs (only method now) 1125 if (Metaspace::contains(addr)) { 1126 if (Method::has_method_vptr((const void*)addr)) { 1127 ((Method*)addr)->print_value_on(st); 1128 st->cr(); 1129 } else { 1130 // Use addr->print() from the debugger instead (not here) 1131 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is pointing into metadata", p2i(addr)); 1132 } 1133 return; 1134 } 1135 1136 // Try an OS specific find 1137 if (os::find(addr, st)) { 1138 return; 1139 } 1140 1141 st->print_cr(INTPTR_FORMAT " is an unknown value", p2i(addr)); 1142 } 1143 1144 // Looks like all platforms except IA64 can use the same function to check 1145 // if C stack is walkable beyond current frame. The check for fp() is not 1146 // necessary on Sparc, but it's harmless. 1147 bool os::is_first_C_frame(frame* fr) { 1148 #if (defined(IA64) && !defined(AIX)) && !defined(_WIN32) 1149 // On IA64 we have to check if the callers bsp is still valid 1150 // (i.e. within the register stack bounds). 1151 // Notice: this only works for threads created by the VM and only if 1152 // we walk the current stack!!! If we want to be able to walk 1153 // arbitrary other threads, we'll have to somehow store the thread 1154 // object in the frame. 1155 Thread *thread = Thread::current(); 1156 if ((address)fr->fp() <= 1157 thread->register_stack_base() HPUX_ONLY(+ 0x0) LINUX_ONLY(+ 0x50)) { 1158 // This check is a little hacky, because on Linux the first C 1159 // frame's ('start_thread') register stack frame starts at 1160 // "register_stack_base + 0x48" while on HPUX, the first C frame's 1161 // ('__pthread_bound_body') register stack frame seems to really 1162 // start at "register_stack_base". 1163 return true; 1164 } else { 1165 return false; 1166 } 1167 #elif defined(IA64) && defined(_WIN32) 1168 return true; 1169 #else 1170 // Load up sp, fp, sender sp and sender fp, check for reasonable values. 1171 // Check usp first, because if that's bad the other accessors may fault 1172 // on some architectures. Ditto ufp second, etc. 1173 uintptr_t fp_align_mask = (uintptr_t)(sizeof(address)-1); 1174 // sp on amd can be 32 bit aligned. 1175 uintptr_t sp_align_mask = (uintptr_t)(sizeof(int)-1); 1176 1177 uintptr_t usp = (uintptr_t)fr->sp(); 1178 if ((usp & sp_align_mask) != 0) return true; 1179 1180 uintptr_t ufp = (uintptr_t)fr->fp(); 1181 if ((ufp & fp_align_mask) != 0) return true; 1182 1183 uintptr_t old_sp = (uintptr_t)fr->sender_sp(); 1184 if ((old_sp & sp_align_mask) != 0) return true; 1185 if (old_sp == 0 || old_sp == (uintptr_t)-1) return true; 1186 1187 uintptr_t old_fp = (uintptr_t)fr->link(); 1188 if ((old_fp & fp_align_mask) != 0) return true; 1189 if (old_fp == 0 || old_fp == (uintptr_t)-1 || old_fp == ufp) return true; 1190 1191 // stack grows downwards; if old_fp is below current fp or if the stack 1192 // frame is too large, either the stack is corrupted or fp is not saved 1193 // on stack (i.e. on x86, ebp may be used as general register). The stack 1194 // is not walkable beyond current frame. 1195 if (old_fp < ufp) return true; 1196 if (old_fp - ufp > 64 * K) return true; 1197 1198 return false; 1199 #endif 1200 } 1201 1202 1203 // Set up the boot classpath. 1204 1205 char* os::format_boot_path(const char* format_string, 1206 const char* home, 1207 int home_len, 1208 char fileSep, 1209 char pathSep) { 1210 assert((fileSep == '/' && pathSep == ':') || 1211 (fileSep == '\\' && pathSep == ';'), "unexpected separator chars"); 1212 1213 // Scan the format string to determine the length of the actual 1214 // boot classpath, and handle platform dependencies as well. 1215 int formatted_path_len = 0; 1216 const char* p; 1217 for (p = format_string; *p != 0; ++p) { 1218 if (*p == '%') formatted_path_len += home_len - 1; 1219 ++formatted_path_len; 1220 } 1221 1222 char* formatted_path = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, formatted_path_len + 1, mtInternal); 1223 if (formatted_path == NULL) { 1224 return NULL; 1225 } 1226 1227 // Create boot classpath from format, substituting separator chars and 1228 // java home directory. 1229 char* q = formatted_path; 1230 for (p = format_string; *p != 0; ++p) { 1231 switch (*p) { 1232 case '%': 1233 strcpy(q, home); 1234 q += home_len; 1235 break; 1236 case '/': 1237 *q++ = fileSep; 1238 break; 1239 case ':': 1240 *q++ = pathSep; 1241 break; 1242 default: 1243 *q++ = *p; 1244 } 1245 } 1246 *q = '\0'; 1247 1248 assert((q - formatted_path) == formatted_path_len, "formatted_path size botched"); 1249 return formatted_path; 1250 } 1251 1252 bool os::set_boot_path(char fileSep, char pathSep) { 1253 const char* home = Arguments::get_java_home(); 1254 int home_len = (int)strlen(home); 1255 1256 struct stat st; 1257 1258 // modular image if "modules" jimage exists 1259 char* jimage = format_boot_path("%/lib/" MODULES_IMAGE_NAME, home, home_len, fileSep, pathSep); 1260 if (jimage == NULL) return false; 1261 bool has_jimage = (os::stat(jimage, &st) == 0); 1262 if (has_jimage) { 1263 Arguments::set_sysclasspath(jimage, true); 1264 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, jimage); 1265 return true; 1266 } 1267 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, jimage); 1268 1269 // check if developer build with exploded modules 1270 char* base_classes = format_boot_path("%/modules/" JAVA_BASE_NAME, home, home_len, fileSep, pathSep); 1271 if (base_classes == NULL) return false; 1272 if (os::stat(base_classes, &st) == 0) { 1273 Arguments::set_sysclasspath(base_classes, false); 1274 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, base_classes); 1275 return true; 1276 } 1277 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, base_classes); 1278 1279 return false; 1280 } 1281 1282 /* 1283 * Splits a path, based on its separator, the number of 1284 * elements is returned back in n. 1285 * It is the callers responsibility to: 1286 * a> check the value of n, and n may be 0. 1287 * b> ignore any empty path elements 1288 * c> free up the data. 1289 */ 1290 char** os::split_path(const char* path, int* n) { 1291 *n = 0; 1292 if (path == NULL || strlen(path) == 0) { 1293 return NULL; 1294 } 1295 const char psepchar = *os::path_separator(); 1296 char* inpath = (char*)NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, strlen(path) + 1, mtInternal); 1297 if (inpath == NULL) { 1298 return NULL; 1299 } 1300 strcpy(inpath, path); 1301 int count = 1; 1302 char* p = strchr(inpath, psepchar); 1303 // Get a count of elements to allocate memory 1304 while (p != NULL) { 1305 count++; 1306 p++; 1307 p = strchr(p, psepchar); 1308 } 1309 char** opath = (char**) NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char*, count, mtInternal); 1310 if (opath == NULL) { 1311 return NULL; 1312 } 1313 1314 // do the actual splitting 1315 p = inpath; 1316 for (int i = 0 ; i < count ; i++) { 1317 size_t len = strcspn(p, os::path_separator()); 1318 if (len > JVM_MAXPATHLEN) { 1319 return NULL; 1320 } 1321 // allocate the string and add terminator storage 1322 char* s = (char*)NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, len + 1, mtInternal); 1323 if (s == NULL) { 1324 return NULL; 1325 } 1326 strncpy(s, p, len); 1327 s[len] = '\0'; 1328 opath[i] = s; 1329 p += len + 1; 1330 } 1331 FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(char, inpath); 1332 *n = count; 1333 return opath; 1334 } 1335 1336 void os::set_memory_serialize_page(address page) { 1337 int count = log2_intptr(sizeof(class JavaThread)) - log2_intptr(64); 1338 _mem_serialize_page = (volatile int32_t *)page; 1339 // We initialize the serialization page shift count here 1340 // We assume a cache line size of 64 bytes 1341 assert(SerializePageShiftCount == count, "JavaThread size changed; " 1342 "SerializePageShiftCount constant should be %d", count); 1343 set_serialize_page_mask((uintptr_t)(vm_page_size() - sizeof(int32_t))); 1344 } 1345 1346 static volatile intptr_t SerializePageLock = 0; 1347 1348 // This method is called from signal handler when SIGSEGV occurs while the current 1349 // thread tries to store to the "read-only" memory serialize page during state 1350 // transition. 1351 void os::block_on_serialize_page_trap() { 1352 log_debug(safepoint)("Block until the serialize page permission restored"); 1353 1354 // When VMThread is holding the SerializePageLock during modifying the 1355 // access permission of the memory serialize page, the following call 1356 // will block until the permission of that page is restored to rw. 1357 // Generally, it is unsafe to manipulate locks in signal handlers, but in 1358 // this case, it's OK as the signal is synchronous and we know precisely when 1359 // it can occur. 1360 Thread::muxAcquire(&SerializePageLock, "set_memory_serialize_page"); 1361 Thread::muxRelease(&SerializePageLock); 1362 } 1363 1364 // Serialize all thread state variables 1365 void os::serialize_thread_states() { 1366 // On some platforms such as Solaris & Linux, the time duration of the page 1367 // permission restoration is observed to be much longer than expected due to 1368 // scheduler starvation problem etc. To avoid the long synchronization 1369 // time and expensive page trap spinning, 'SerializePageLock' is used to block 1370 // the mutator thread if such case is encountered. See bug 6546278 for details. 1371 Thread::muxAcquire(&SerializePageLock, "serialize_thread_states"); 1372 os::protect_memory((char *)os::get_memory_serialize_page(), 1373 os::vm_page_size(), MEM_PROT_READ); 1374 os::protect_memory((char *)os::get_memory_serialize_page(), 1375 os::vm_page_size(), MEM_PROT_RW); 1376 Thread::muxRelease(&SerializePageLock); 1377 } 1378 1379 // Returns true if the current stack pointer is above the stack shadow 1380 // pages, false otherwise. 1381 bool os::stack_shadow_pages_available(Thread *thread, const methodHandle& method, address sp) { 1382 if (!thread->is_Java_thread()) return false; 1383 // Check if we have StackShadowPages above the yellow zone. This parameter 1384 // is dependent on the depth of the maximum VM call stack possible from 1385 // the handler for stack overflow. 'instanceof' in the stack overflow 1386 // handler or a println uses at least 8k stack of VM and native code 1387 // respectively. 1388 const int framesize_in_bytes = 1389 Interpreter::size_top_interpreter_activation(method()) * wordSize; 1390 1391 address limit = ((JavaThread*)thread)->stack_end() + 1392 (JavaThread::stack_guard_zone_size() + JavaThread::stack_shadow_zone_size()); 1393 1394 return sp > (limit + framesize_in_bytes); 1395 } 1396 1397 size_t os::page_size_for_region(size_t region_size, size_t min_pages, bool must_be_aligned) { 1398 assert(min_pages > 0, "sanity"); 1399 if (UseLargePages) { 1400 const size_t max_page_size = region_size / min_pages; 1401 1402 for (size_t i = 0; _page_sizes[i] != 0; ++i) { 1403 const size_t page_size = _page_sizes[i]; 1404 if (page_size <= max_page_size) { 1405 if (!must_be_aligned || is_aligned(region_size, page_size)) { 1406 return page_size; 1407 } 1408 } 1409 } 1410 } 1411 1412 return vm_page_size(); 1413 } 1414 1415 size_t os::page_size_for_region_aligned(size_t region_size, size_t min_pages) { 1416 return page_size_for_region(region_size, min_pages, true); 1417 } 1418 1419 size_t os::page_size_for_region_unaligned(size_t region_size, size_t min_pages) { 1420 return page_size_for_region(region_size, min_pages, false); 1421 } 1422 1423 static const char* errno_to_string (int e, bool short_text) { 1424 #define ALL_SHARED_ENUMS(X) \ 1425 X(E2BIG, "Argument list too long") \ 1426 X(EACCES, "Permission denied") \ 1427 X(EADDRINUSE, "Address in use") \ 1428 X(EADDRNOTAVAIL, "Address not available") \ 1429 X(EAFNOSUPPORT, "Address family not supported") \ 1430 X(EAGAIN, "Resource unavailable, try again") \ 1431 X(EALREADY, "Connection already in progress") \ 1432 X(EBADF, "Bad file descriptor") \ 1433 X(EBADMSG, "Bad message") \ 1434 X(EBUSY, "Device or resource busy") \ 1435 X(ECANCELED, "Operation canceled") \ 1436 X(ECHILD, "No child processes") \ 1437 X(ECONNABORTED, "Connection aborted") \ 1438 X(ECONNREFUSED, "Connection refused") \ 1439 X(ECONNRESET, "Connection reset") \ 1440 X(EDEADLK, "Resource deadlock would occur") \ 1441 X(EDESTADDRREQ, "Destination address required") \ 1442 X(EDOM, "Mathematics argument out of domain of function") \ 1443 X(EEXIST, "File exists") \ 1444 X(EFAULT, "Bad address") \ 1445 X(EFBIG, "File too large") \ 1446 X(EHOSTUNREACH, "Host is unreachable") \ 1447 X(EIDRM, "Identifier removed") \ 1448 X(EILSEQ, "Illegal byte sequence") \ 1449 X(EINPROGRESS, "Operation in progress") \ 1450 X(EINTR, "Interrupted function") \ 1451 X(EINVAL, "Invalid argument") \ 1452 X(EIO, "I/O error") \ 1453 X(EISCONN, "Socket is connected") \ 1454 X(EISDIR, "Is a directory") \ 1455 X(ELOOP, "Too many levels of symbolic links") \ 1456 X(EMFILE, "Too many open files") \ 1457 X(EMLINK, "Too many links") \ 1458 X(EMSGSIZE, "Message too large") \ 1459 X(ENAMETOOLONG, "Filename too long") \ 1460 X(ENETDOWN, "Network is down") \ 1461 X(ENETRESET, "Connection aborted by network") \ 1462 X(ENETUNREACH, "Network unreachable") \ 1463 X(ENFILE, "Too many files open in system") \ 1464 X(ENOBUFS, "No buffer space available") \ 1465 X(ENODATA, "No message is available on the STREAM head read queue") \ 1466 X(ENODEV, "No such device") \ 1467 X(ENOENT, "No such file or directory") \ 1468 X(ENOEXEC, "Executable file format error") \ 1469 X(ENOLCK, "No locks available") \ 1470 X(ENOLINK, "Reserved") \ 1471 X(ENOMEM, "Not enough space") \ 1472 X(ENOMSG, "No message of the desired type") \ 1473 X(ENOPROTOOPT, "Protocol not available") \ 1474 X(ENOSPC, "No space left on device") \ 1475 X(ENOSR, "No STREAM resources") \ 1476 X(ENOSTR, "Not a STREAM") \ 1477 X(ENOSYS, "Function not supported") \ 1478 X(ENOTCONN, "The socket is not connected") \ 1479 X(ENOTDIR, "Not a directory") \ 1480 X(ENOTEMPTY, "Directory not empty") \ 1481 X(ENOTSOCK, "Not a socket") \ 1482 X(ENOTSUP, "Not supported") \ 1483 X(ENOTTY, "Inappropriate I/O control operation") \ 1484 X(ENXIO, "No such device or address") \ 1485 X(EOPNOTSUPP, "Operation not supported on socket") \ 1486 X(EOVERFLOW, "Value too large to be stored in data type") \ 1487 X(EPERM, "Operation not permitted") \ 1488 X(EPIPE, "Broken pipe") \ 1489 X(EPROTO, "Protocol error") \ 1490 X(EPROTONOSUPPORT, "Protocol not supported") \ 1491 X(EPROTOTYPE, "Protocol wrong type for socket") \ 1492 X(ERANGE, "Result too large") \ 1493 X(EROFS, "Read-only file system") \ 1494 X(ESPIPE, "Invalid seek") \ 1495 X(ESRCH, "No such process") \ 1496 X(ETIME, "Stream ioctl() timeout") \ 1497 X(ETIMEDOUT, "Connection timed out") \ 1498 X(ETXTBSY, "Text file busy") \ 1499 X(EWOULDBLOCK, "Operation would block") \ 1500 X(EXDEV, "Cross-device link") 1501 1502 #define DEFINE_ENTRY(e, text) { e, #e, text }, 1503 1504 static const struct { 1505 int v; 1506 const char* short_text; 1507 const char* long_text; 1508 } table [] = { 1509 1510 ALL_SHARED_ENUMS(DEFINE_ENTRY) 1511 1512 // The following enums are not defined on all platforms. 1513 #ifdef ESTALE 1514 DEFINE_ENTRY(ESTALE, "Reserved") 1515 #endif 1516 #ifdef EDQUOT 1517 DEFINE_ENTRY(EDQUOT, "Reserved") 1518 #endif 1519 #ifdef EMULTIHOP 1520 DEFINE_ENTRY(EMULTIHOP, "Reserved") 1521 #endif 1522 1523 // End marker. 1524 { -1, "Unknown errno", "Unknown error" } 1525 1526 }; 1527 1528 #undef DEFINE_ENTRY 1529 #undef ALL_FLAGS 1530 1531 int i = 0; 1532 while (table[i].v != -1 && table[i].v != e) { 1533 i ++; 1534 } 1535 1536 return short_text ? table[i].short_text : table[i].long_text; 1537 1538 } 1539 1540 const char* os::strerror(int e) { 1541 return errno_to_string(e, false); 1542 } 1543 1544 const char* os::errno_name(int e) { 1545 return errno_to_string(e, true); 1546 } 1547 1548 void os::trace_page_sizes(const char* str, const size_t* page_sizes, int count) { 1549 LogTarget(Info, pagesize) log; 1550 if (log.is_enabled()) { 1551 LogStream out(log); 1552 1553 out.print("%s: ", str); 1554 for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) { 1555 out.print(" " SIZE_FORMAT, page_sizes[i]); 1556 } 1557 out.cr(); 1558 } 1559 } 1560 1561 #define trace_page_size_params(size) byte_size_in_exact_unit(size), exact_unit_for_byte_size(size) 1562 1563 void os::trace_page_sizes(const char* str, 1564 const size_t region_min_size, 1565 const size_t region_max_size, 1566 const size_t page_size, 1567 const char* base, 1568 const size_t size) { 1569 1570 log_info(pagesize)("%s: " 1571 " min=" SIZE_FORMAT "%s" 1572 " max=" SIZE_FORMAT "%s" 1573 " base=" PTR_FORMAT 1574 " page_size=" SIZE_FORMAT "%s" 1575 " size=" SIZE_FORMAT "%s", 1576 str, 1577 trace_page_size_params(region_min_size), 1578 trace_page_size_params(region_max_size), 1579 p2i(base), 1580 trace_page_size_params(page_size), 1581 trace_page_size_params(size)); 1582 } 1583 1584 void os::trace_page_sizes_for_requested_size(const char* str, 1585 const size_t requested_size, 1586 const size_t page_size, 1587 const size_t alignment, 1588 const char* base, 1589 const size_t size) { 1590 1591 log_info(pagesize)("%s:" 1592 " req_size=" SIZE_FORMAT "%s" 1593 " base=" PTR_FORMAT 1594 " page_size=" SIZE_FORMAT "%s" 1595 " alignment=" SIZE_FORMAT "%s" 1596 " size=" SIZE_FORMAT "%s", 1597 str, 1598 trace_page_size_params(requested_size), 1599 p2i(base), 1600 trace_page_size_params(page_size), 1601 trace_page_size_params(alignment), 1602 trace_page_size_params(size)); 1603 } 1604 1605 1606 // This is the working definition of a server class machine: 1607 // >= 2 physical CPU's and >=2GB of memory, with some fuzz 1608 // because the graphics memory (?) sometimes masks physical memory. 1609 // If you want to change the definition of a server class machine 1610 // on some OS or platform, e.g., >=4GB on Windows platforms, 1611 // then you'll have to parameterize this method based on that state, 1612 // as was done for logical processors here, or replicate and 1613 // specialize this method for each platform. (Or fix os to have 1614 // some inheritance structure and use subclassing. Sigh.) 1615 // If you want some platform to always or never behave as a server 1616 // class machine, change the setting of AlwaysActAsServerClassMachine 1617 // and NeverActAsServerClassMachine in globals*.hpp. 1618 bool os::is_server_class_machine() { 1619 // First check for the early returns 1620 if (NeverActAsServerClassMachine) { 1621 return false; 1622 } 1623 if (AlwaysActAsServerClassMachine) { 1624 return true; 1625 } 1626 // Then actually look at the machine 1627 bool result = false; 1628 const unsigned int server_processors = 2; 1629 const julong server_memory = 2UL * G; 1630 // We seem not to get our full complement of memory. 1631 // We allow some part (1/8?) of the memory to be "missing", 1632 // based on the sizes of DIMMs, and maybe graphics cards. 1633 const julong missing_memory = 256UL * M; 1634 1635 /* Is this a server class machine? */ 1636 if ((os::active_processor_count() >= (int)server_processors) && 1637 (os::physical_memory() >= (server_memory - missing_memory))) { 1638 const unsigned int logical_processors = 1639 VM_Version::logical_processors_per_package(); 1640 if (logical_processors > 1) { 1641 const unsigned int physical_packages = 1642 os::active_processor_count() / logical_processors; 1643 if (physical_packages >= server_processors) { 1644 result = true; 1645 } 1646 } else { 1647 result = true; 1648 } 1649 } 1650 return result; 1651 } 1652 1653 void os::initialize_initial_active_processor_count() { 1654 assert(_initial_active_processor_count == 0, "Initial active processor count already set."); 1655 _initial_active_processor_count = active_processor_count(); 1656 log_debug(os)("Initial active processor count set to %d" , _initial_active_processor_count); 1657 } 1658 1659 void os::SuspendedThreadTask::run() { 1660 internal_do_task(); 1661 _done = true; 1662 } 1663 1664 bool os::create_stack_guard_pages(char* addr, size_t bytes) { 1665 return os::pd_create_stack_guard_pages(addr, bytes); 1666 } 1667 1668 char* os::reserve_memory(size_t bytes, char* addr, size_t alignment_hint, int file_desc) { 1669 char* result = NULL; 1670 1671 if (file_desc != -1) { 1672 // Could have called pd_reserve_memory() followed by replace_existing_mapping_with_file_mapping(), 1673 // but AIX may use SHM in which case its more trouble to detach the segment and remap memory to the file. 1674 result = os::map_memory_to_file(addr, bytes, file_desc); 1675 if (result != NULL) { 1676 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_reserve_and_commit((address)result, bytes, CALLER_PC); 1677 } 1678 } else { 1679 result = pd_reserve_memory(bytes, addr, alignment_hint); 1680 if (result != NULL) { 1681 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_reserve((address)result, bytes, CALLER_PC); 1682 } 1683 } 1684 1685 return result; 1686 } 1687 1688 char* os::reserve_memory(size_t bytes, char* addr, size_t alignment_hint, 1689 MEMFLAGS flags) { 1690 char* result = pd_reserve_memory(bytes, addr, alignment_hint); 1691 if (result != NULL) { 1692 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_reserve((address)result, bytes, CALLER_PC); 1693 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_type((address)result, flags); 1694 } 1695 1696 return result; 1697 } 1698 1699 char* os::attempt_reserve_memory_at(size_t bytes, char* addr, int file_desc) { 1700 char* result = NULL; 1701 if (file_desc != -1) { 1702 result = pd_attempt_reserve_memory_at(bytes, addr, file_desc); 1703 if (result != NULL) { 1704 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_reserve_and_commit((address)result, bytes, CALLER_PC); 1705 } 1706 } else { 1707 result = pd_attempt_reserve_memory_at(bytes, addr); 1708 if (result != NULL) { 1709 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_reserve((address)result, bytes, CALLER_PC); 1710 } 1711 } 1712 return result; 1713 } 1714 1715 void os::split_reserved_memory(char *base, size_t size, 1716 size_t split, bool realloc) { 1717 pd_split_reserved_memory(base, size, split, realloc); 1718 } 1719 1720 bool os::commit_memory(char* addr, size_t bytes, bool executable) { 1721 bool res = pd_commit_memory(addr, bytes, executable); 1722 if (res) { 1723 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_commit((address)addr, bytes, CALLER_PC); 1724 } 1725 return res; 1726 } 1727 1728 bool os::commit_memory(char* addr, size_t size, size_t alignment_hint, 1729 bool executable) { 1730 bool res = os::pd_commit_memory(addr, size, alignment_hint, executable); 1731 if (res) { 1732 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_commit((address)addr, size, CALLER_PC); 1733 } 1734 return res; 1735 } 1736 1737 void os::commit_memory_or_exit(char* addr, size_t bytes, bool executable, 1738 const char* mesg) { 1739 pd_commit_memory_or_exit(addr, bytes, executable, mesg); 1740 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_commit((address)addr, bytes, CALLER_PC); 1741 } 1742 1743 void os::commit_memory_or_exit(char* addr, size_t size, size_t alignment_hint, 1744 bool executable, const char* mesg) { 1745 os::pd_commit_memory_or_exit(addr, size, alignment_hint, executable, mesg); 1746 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_commit((address)addr, size, CALLER_PC); 1747 } 1748 1749 bool os::uncommit_memory(char* addr, size_t bytes) { 1750 bool res; 1751 if (MemTracker::tracking_level() > NMT_minimal) { 1752 Tracker tkr(Tracker::uncommit); 1753 res = pd_uncommit_memory(addr, bytes); 1754 if (res) { 1755 tkr.record((address)addr, bytes); 1756 } 1757 } else { 1758 res = pd_uncommit_memory(addr, bytes); 1759 } 1760 return res; 1761 } 1762 1763 bool os::release_memory(char* addr, size_t bytes) { 1764 bool res; 1765 if (MemTracker::tracking_level() > NMT_minimal) { 1766 Tracker tkr(Tracker::release); 1767 res = pd_release_memory(addr, bytes); 1768 if (res) { 1769 tkr.record((address)addr, bytes); 1770 } 1771 } else { 1772 res = pd_release_memory(addr, bytes); 1773 } 1774 return res; 1775 } 1776 1777 void os::pretouch_memory(void* start, void* end, size_t page_size) { 1778 for (volatile char *p = (char*)start; p < (char*)end; p += page_size) { 1779 *p = 0; 1780 } 1781 } 1782 1783 char* os::map_memory(int fd, const char* file_name, size_t file_offset, 1784 char *addr, size_t bytes, bool read_only, 1785 bool allow_exec) { 1786 char* result = pd_map_memory(fd, file_name, file_offset, addr, bytes, read_only, allow_exec); 1787 if (result != NULL) { 1788 MemTracker::record_virtual_memory_reserve_and_commit((address)result, bytes, CALLER_PC); 1789 } 1790 return result; 1791 } 1792 1793 char* os::remap_memory(int fd, const char* file_name, size_t file_offset, 1794 char *addr, size_t bytes, bool read_only, 1795 bool allow_exec) { 1796 return pd_remap_memory(fd, file_name, file_offset, addr, bytes, 1797 read_only, allow_exec); 1798 } 1799 1800 bool os::unmap_memory(char *addr, size_t bytes) { 1801 bool result; 1802 if (MemTracker::tracking_level() > NMT_minimal) { 1803 Tracker tkr(Tracker::release); 1804 result = pd_unmap_memory(addr, bytes); 1805 if (result) { 1806 tkr.record((address)addr, bytes); 1807 } 1808 } else { 1809 result = pd_unmap_memory(addr, bytes); 1810 } 1811 return result; 1812 } 1813 1814 void os::free_memory(char *addr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment_hint) { 1815 pd_free_memory(addr, bytes, alignment_hint); 1816 } 1817 1818 void os::realign_memory(char *addr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment_hint) { 1819 pd_realign_memory(addr, bytes, alignment_hint); 1820 } 1821 1822 #ifndef _WINDOWS 1823 /* try to switch state from state "from" to state "to" 1824 * returns the state set after the method is complete 1825 */ 1826 os::SuspendResume::State os::SuspendResume::switch_state(os::SuspendResume::State from, 1827 os::SuspendResume::State to) 1828 { 1829 os::SuspendResume::State result = Atomic::cmpxchg(to, &_state, from); 1830 if (result == from) { 1831 // success 1832 return to; 1833 } 1834 return result; 1835 } 1836 #endif