128
129 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
130 #
131 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
132 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
133 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
134 # of the text said:
135 #
136 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
137 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
138 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
139 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
140 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
141 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
142 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
143 #
144 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
145 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
146 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
147 #
148 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
149
150 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
151 #
152 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
153 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
154 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
155 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
156 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
157 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
158 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
159 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
160 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
161 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
162 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
163 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
164 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
165 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
166 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
167 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
168 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
506 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
507 # (no summer time)
508 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
509 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
510 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
511 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
512 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
513 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
514 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
515 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
516 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
517 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
518 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
519 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
520 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
521 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
522 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
523 #
524 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
525
526 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
527 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
528 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
529 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
530 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
531 0:00 EU GMT/BST
532 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
533 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
534 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
535
536 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
537 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
538 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
539 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
540 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
541 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
542 #
543 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
544 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
545 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
546 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
547 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
548 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
549 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
550 # not rely on it.
551 #
552 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
553 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
554 # negative SAVE values are used.
555 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
556 Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 -
557 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 -
558 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 -
559 Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 -
560 Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 -
561 Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 -
562 Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
563
564 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
565 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
566 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
567 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
568 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
569 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
570 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
571 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
572 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
573 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
574 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
575 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
576 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
577 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
578 # 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
579 # 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
580 # 0:00 EU GMT/IST
581
582
583 ###############################################################################
584
743 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
744 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
745
746 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
747 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
748 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
749 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
750 #
751 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
752 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
753 #
754 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
755 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
756
757 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
758 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
759 # to be standard.
760
761 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
762
763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
765 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
766 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
767 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
768
769 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
770 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
771
772 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
773 # The official German names ... are
774 #
775 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
776 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
777 #
778 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
779 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
780 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
781 #
782 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
783 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
803 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
804 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
805 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
806 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
807 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
808 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
809 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
810 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
811 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
812 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
813 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
814 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
815 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
816 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
817 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
818 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
819 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
820 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
821 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
822 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
823 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
824 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
825 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
826 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
827 1:00 EU CE%sT
828
829 # Andorra
830 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
831 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
832 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
833 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
834 1:00 EU CE%sT
835
836 # Austria
837
838 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
839
840 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
841 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
842 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
843 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
844 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
845 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
846
847 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
848 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
850 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
852 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
853 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
855 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
856 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
857 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
858 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
859 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
860 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
861 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
862 1:00 - CET 1946
863 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
864 1:00 EU CE%sT
865
866 # Belarus
867 #
868 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
869 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
870 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
871 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
872 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
873 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
874 #
875 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
876 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
877 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
878 #
879 # Sources (Russian language):
880 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
881 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
882 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
883 #
884 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
885 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
886 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
887 #
888 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
889 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
890 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
891 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
892 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
893 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
894 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
895 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
896 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
897 3:00 - +03
898
899 # Belgium
900 #
901 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
902 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
903 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
904 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
905 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
906 # pp 8-9.
907 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
908 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
932 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
933 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
934 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
935 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
936 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
937 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
938 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
940 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
942 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
943 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
944 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
945 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
946 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
947 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
948 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
949 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
950 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
951 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
952 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
953 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
954 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
955 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
956 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
957 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
958 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
959 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
960 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
961 1:00 EU CE%sT
962
963 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
964 # See Europe/Belgrade.
965
966 # Bulgaria
967 #
968 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
969 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
970 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
971 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
972 #
973 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
975 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
976 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
977 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
978 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
979 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
980 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
981 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
982 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
983 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
984 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
985 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
986 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
987 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
988 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
989 2:00 EU EE%sT
990
991 # Croatia
992 # See Europe/Belgrade.
993
994 # Cyprus
995 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
996
997 # Czech Republic / Czechia
998 #
999 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
1000 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
1001 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
1002 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
1003 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
1004 #
1005 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1006 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1007 Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1008 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1009 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1010 Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1011 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1012 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1013 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1014 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1015 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9
1016 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00
1017 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
1018 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1019 # Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
1020 # 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1021 # End of rearguard section.
1022 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1023 1:00 EU CE%sT
1024 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
1025
1026 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
1027
1028 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
1029 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
1030 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
1031 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
1032 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
1054 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
1055 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
1056
1057 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
1058 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
1059 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
1060
1061 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1062 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1063 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1064 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1065 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1066 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1067 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1068 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1069 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1070 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1071 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1072 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1073 #
1074 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1075 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1076 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
1077 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1078 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1079 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1080 1:00 EU CE%sT
1081 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1082 0:00 - WET 1981
1083 0:00 EU WE%sT
1084 #
1085 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1086 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1087 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1088 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1089 #
1090 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1091 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1092 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1093 # on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1094 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1151 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1152 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1153 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1154 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1155 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1156
1157 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1158 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1159 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1160 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1161 # It is their only National Park.
1162 #
1163 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1164 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1165 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1166 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1167 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1168 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1169 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1170 #
1171 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1172 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1173 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1174 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1175 0:00 - GMT
1176 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1177 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1178 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1179 -1:00 EU -01/+00
1180 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1181 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1182 -3:00 EU -03/-02
1183 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1184 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1185
1186 # Estonia
1187 #
1188 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1189 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1190 #
1191 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1217 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1218 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1219 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1220 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1221 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1222 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1223 # after that.
1224
1225 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1226 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1227 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1228 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1229
1230 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1231 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1232 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1233 #
1234 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1235 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1236
1237 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1238 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1239 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1240 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1241 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1242 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1243 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1245 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1246 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1247 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1248 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1249 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1250 2:00 EU EE%sT
1251
1252 # Finland
1253
1254 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1255 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1256 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1257
1280 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1281 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1282 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1283 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1284 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1285 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1286 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1287 #
1288 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1289 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1290
1291 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1292 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1294 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1295 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1296
1297 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1298 # round to nearest.
1299
1300 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1301 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1302 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1303 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1304 2:00 EU EE%sT
1305
1306 # Åland Is
1307 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1308
1309
1310 # France
1311
1312 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1313 #
1314 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1315 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1316 #
1317 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1318 # Paris, 1991
1319 #
1320 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1370 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1371 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1372 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1373 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1374 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1375 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1376 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1377 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1378 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1379 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1380 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1381 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1382 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1383 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1384 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1385 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1386 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1387 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1388 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1389 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1390 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1391 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1392 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1393 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1394 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1395 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1396 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1397 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1398 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1399 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1400 1:00 EU CE%sT
1401
1402 # Germany
1403
1404 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1405 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1406 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1407 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1408
1409 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1410 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1418 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1419
1420
1421 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1422 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1423 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1424 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1425 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1426 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1427 # Go with the PTB.
1428 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1429 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1430 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1431 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1432 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1433
1434 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1435 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1436 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1437
1438 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1439 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1440 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1441 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1442 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1443 1:00 EU CE%sT
1444
1445 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1446 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1447 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1448 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1449 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1450 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1451 #
1452 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1453 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1454
1455 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1456 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1457
1458 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1459
1460 # Georgia
1461 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1462 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1463 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1464
1465 # Gibraltar
1466 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1467 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1468 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1469 1:00 - CET 1982
1470 1:00 EU CE%sT
1471
1472 # Greece
1473 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1474 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1475 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1476 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1477 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1478 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1479 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1480 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1481 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1482 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1483 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1484 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1485 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1486 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1487 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1489 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1490 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1491 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1492 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1493 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1494 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1495 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1496 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1497 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1498 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1499 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1500 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1501 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1502 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1503 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1504 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1505 2:00 EU EE%sT
1506
1507 # Hungary
1508 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1509 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1510 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1511 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1512 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1513 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1514 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1515 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1516 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1517 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1518 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1519 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1520 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1521 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1522 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1523 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1524 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1525 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1526 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1527 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1529 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1530 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1531 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1532 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1533 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1534 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1535 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1536 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1537 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1538 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1539 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1540 1:00 EU CE%sT
1541
1542 # Iceland
1543 #
1544 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1545 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1546 #
1547 # (1993-12-05):
1548 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1549 # Iceland Almanak.
1550 #
1551 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1552 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1553 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1554 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1575 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1576 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1577 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1578 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1579 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1580 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1581 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1582 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1583 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1584 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1585 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1586 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1587 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1588 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1589 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1590 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1591 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1592 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1593 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1594 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1595 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1596 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1597 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1598 0:00 - GMT
1599
1600 # Italy
1601 #
1602 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1603 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1604 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1605 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1606 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1607 # so record only the time in Rome.
1608 #
1609 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1610 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1611 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1612 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1613 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1614 #
1615 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1616 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1617 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1618 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1619 # (2016-10-24):
1620 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1621 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1622 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1623 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1624 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1625 #
1626 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1627 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1628 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1629 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1630 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1631 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1632 #
1633 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1634 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1635 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1636 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1637 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1638 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1662 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1663 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1664 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1665 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1666 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1667 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1668 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1669 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1670 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1671 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1672 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1673 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1674 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1675 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1676 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1677 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1678 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1679 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1680 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1681 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1682 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1683 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1684 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1685 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1686 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1687 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1688 1:00 EU CE%sT
1689
1690 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1691 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1692
1693 # Latvia
1694
1695 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1696
1697 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1698 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1699 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1700 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1701 #
1702 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1703 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1738 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1739 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1740 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1741 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1742 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1743 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1744 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1745 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1746 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1747 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1748 # appears that they will not do so....
1749
1750 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1751 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1752 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1753
1754 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1755 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1756 # Go with Byalokoz.
1757
1758 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1759 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1760 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1761 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1762 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1763 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1764 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1765 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1766 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1768 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1769 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1770 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1771 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1772 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1773 2:00 EU EE%sT
1774
1775 # Liechtenstein
1776
1777 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1778 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1808 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1809 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1810 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1811 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1812 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1813 # already done by Estonia.
1814
1815 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1816 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1817 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1818
1819 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1820 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1821 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1822 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1823 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1824 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1825 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1826
1827
1828 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1829 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1830 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1831 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1832 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1833 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1834 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1835 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1836 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1837 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1838 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1839 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1840 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1841 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1842 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1843 2:00 EU EE%sT
1844
1845 # Luxembourg
1846 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1847 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1848 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1852 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1853 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1854 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1855 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1856 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1857 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1858 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1859 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1860 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1861 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1862 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1863 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1864 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1865 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1866 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1867 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1868 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1869 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1870 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1871 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1872 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1873 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1874 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1875 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1876 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1877 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1878 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1879 1:00 EU CE%sT
1880
1881 # North Macedonia
1882 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1883
1884 # Malta
1885 #
1886 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1887 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1888 #
1889 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1890 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1891 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1892 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1893 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1894 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1895 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1896 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1897 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1898 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1899 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1900 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1901 1:00 EU CE%sT
1902
1903 # Moldova
1904
1905 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1906 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1907 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1908 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1909 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1910 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1911 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1912 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1913 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1914
1915 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1916 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1917 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1946 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1947 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1948 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1949 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1950 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1951 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1952
1953 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1954 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1955 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1956 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1957 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1958 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1959 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1960 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1961
1962 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1963 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1964 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1965
1966 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1967 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1968 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1969 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1970 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1971 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1972 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1973 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1974 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1975 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1976 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1977 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1978
1979 # Monaco
1980 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1981 # more precise 0:09:21.
1982 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1983 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1984 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1985 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1986 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1987 1:00 EU CE%sT
1988
1989 # Montenegro
1990 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1991
1992 # Netherlands
1993
1994 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1995 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1996
1997 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1998 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1999 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
2000 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
2001 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
2002 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
2037 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2038 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2039 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2040 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2041 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2042 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2043 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2044 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2045 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2046 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2047 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2048 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2049 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2050 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2051 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2052 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2053 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2054 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2055 #
2056 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
2057 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
2058 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2059 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2060 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2061 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2062 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2063 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2064 1:00 EU CE%sT
2065
2066 # Norway
2067 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2068 # Pottenger.
2069 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2070 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2071 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2072 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2073 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2074 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2075 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2076 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2077 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2078 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
2079 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
2080 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2081 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
2082 1:00 EU CE%sT
2083
2084 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2085
2086 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2087 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2088 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2089 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2090 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2091 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2092 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2093 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2094 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2095 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2096 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2097 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2148 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2149 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2150 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2151 # He also gives these further references:
2152 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2153 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2154 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2155 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2156 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2157 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2158 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2159 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2160 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2161 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2162 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2163 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2164 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2165 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2166 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2167 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2168 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2169 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2170 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2171 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2172 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2173 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2174 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2175 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2176 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2177 1:00 EU CE%sT
2178
2179 # Portugal
2180
2181 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2182 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2183 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2184 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2185 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2186 #
2187 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2188 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2253 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2254 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2255 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2256 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2257 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2258 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2259 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2260 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2261 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2262 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2263 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2264 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2265 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2266 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2267 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2268 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2269 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2270 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2271 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2272 #
2273 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2274 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2275 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2276 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2277 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2278 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2279 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2280 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2281 0:00 EU WE%sT
2282 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2283 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2284 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2285 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2286 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2287 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2288 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2289 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2290 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2291 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2292 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2293 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2312
2313 # Romania
2314 #
2315 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2316 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2317 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2318 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2319 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2320 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2321 #
2322 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2323 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2324 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2325 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2326 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2327 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2328 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2329 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2330 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2331 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2332 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2333 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2334 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2335 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2336 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2337 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2338 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2339 2:00 EU EE%sT
2340
2341
2342 # Russia
2343
2344 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2345 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2346 # (Government document
2347 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2348 # in Russian)
2349 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2350 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2351 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2352 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
3351
3352
3353 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3354 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3355 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3356
3357 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3358 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3359 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3360 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3361 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3362 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3363 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3364 12:00 - +12
3365
3366
3367 # San Marino
3368 # See Europe/Rome.
3369
3370 # Serbia
3371 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3372 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3373 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3374 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3375 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3376 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3377 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3378 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3379 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3380 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3381 1:00 EU CE%sT
3382 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3383 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3384 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3385 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # North Macedonia
3386 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3387
3388 # Slovakia
3389 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3390
3391 # Slovenia
3457 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3458 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3459 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3460 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3461 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3462 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3463 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3464 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3465 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3466 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
3467 # except with "S" letters.
3468 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3469 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3470 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3471 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3472 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3473 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3474 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3475 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3476 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3477 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3478 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3479 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3480 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3481 1:00 EU CE%sT
3482 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3483 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3484 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3485 0:00 - WET 1924
3486 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3487 0:00 - WET 1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
3488 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3489 1:00 - CET 1986
3490 1:00 EU CE%sT
3491 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3492 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3493 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3494 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3495 0:00 EU WE%sT
3496 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3497 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3525 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3526 #
3527 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3528 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3529 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3530 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3531 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3532 # the Sök-button).
3533 #
3534 # (2001-05-13):
3535 #
3536 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3537 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3538 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3539 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3540 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3541 # hour before the event took place.
3542 #
3543 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3544
3545 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3546 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3547 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3548 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3549 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3550 1:00 - CET 1980
3551 1:00 EU CE%sT
3552
3553 # Switzerland
3554 # From Howse:
3555 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3556 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3557 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3558 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3559 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3560 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3561 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3562 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3563 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3564 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3565
3628 #
3629 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3630 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3631 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3632 #
3633 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3634 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3635 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3636 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3637 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3638 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3639 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3640 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3641 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3642 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3643 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3644
3645 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3646 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3647 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3648 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3649 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3650 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3651 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3652 1:00 EU CE%sT
3653
3654 # Turkey
3655
3656 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3657 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3658 # no exceptions.
3659 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3660 # Here are official papers:
3661 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3662 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3663 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3664 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3665 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3666 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3667 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3668 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3778 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3779 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3780 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3781 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3782 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3783 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3784 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3785 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3786 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3787 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3788 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3789 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3790 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3791 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3792 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3793 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3794 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3795 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3796 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3797 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3798 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3799 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3800 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3801 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3802 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3803 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3804 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3805 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3806 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3807 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3808 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3809 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3810 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3811 3:00 - +03
3812 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3813
3814 # Ukraine
3815 #
3816 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3817 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3818 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3875 # This is an answer.
3876 #
3877 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3878 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3879 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3880 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3881 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3882
3883 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
3884 # As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
3885 # For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
3886 # English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
3887 # transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ". This is similar to tzdb's use of
3888 # Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
3889 # "Praha". ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
3890 # came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
3891 # in common.) Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
3892 # controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
3893 # English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
3894 # means less disruption for our users.
3895 #
3896 # Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
3897 # Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
3898 # Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA). This pronunciation has nothing like an
3899 # English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
3900 # would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
3901 # "Kuiyu". Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
3902 # https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg
3903
3904 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3905 # This represents most of Ukraine. See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
3906 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3907 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3908 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3909 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3910 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3911 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3912 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3913 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3914 2:00 EU EE%sT
3915 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3916 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3917 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3918 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3919 1:00 - CET 1940
3920 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3921 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3922 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3923 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3924 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
|
128
129 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
130 #
131 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
132 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
133 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
134 # of the text said:
135 #
136 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
137 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
138 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
139 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
140 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
141 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
142 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
143 #
144 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
145 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
146 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
147 #
148 # [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
149
150 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
151 #
152 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
153 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
154 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
155 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
156 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
157 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
158 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
159 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
160 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
161 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
162 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
163 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
164 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
165 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
166 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
167 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
168 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
506 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
507 # (no summer time)
508 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
509 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
510 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
511 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
512 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
513 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
514 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
515 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
516 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
517 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
518 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
519 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
520 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
521 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
522 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
523 #
524 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
525
526 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
527 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
528 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
529 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
530 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
531 0:00 EU GMT/BST
532 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
533 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
534 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
535
536 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
537 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
538 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
539 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
540 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
541 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
542 #
543 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
544 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
545 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
546 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
547 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
548 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
549 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
550 # not rely on it.
551 #
552 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
553 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
554 # negative SAVE values are used.
555 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
556 Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 -
557 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 -
558 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 -
559 Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 -
560 Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 -
561 Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 -
562 Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
563
564 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
565 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
566 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
567 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
568 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
569 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
570 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
571 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
572 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
573 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
574 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
575 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
576 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
577 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
578 # 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
579 # 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
580 # 0:00 EU GMT/IST
581
582
583 ###############################################################################
584
743 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
744 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
745
746 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
747 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
748 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
749 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
750 #
751 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
752 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
753 #
754 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
755 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
756
757 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
758 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
759 # to be standard.
760
761 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
762
763 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
765 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
766 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
767 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
768
769 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
770 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
771
772 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
773 # The official German names ... are
774 #
775 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
776 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
777 #
778 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
779 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
780 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
781 #
782 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
783 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
803 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
804 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
805 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
806 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
807 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
808 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
809 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
810 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
811 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
812 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
813 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
814 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
815 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
816 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
817 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
818 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
819 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
820 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
821 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
822 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
823 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
824 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
825 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
826 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
827 1:00 EU CE%sT
828
829 # Andorra
830 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
831 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
832 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
833 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
834 1:00 EU CE%sT
835
836 # Austria
837
838 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
839
840 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
841 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
842 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
843 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
844 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
845 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
846
847 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
848 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
850 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
852 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
853 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
855 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
856 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
857 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
858 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
859 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
860 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
861 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
862 1:00 - CET 1946
863 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
864 1:00 EU CE%sT
865
866 # Belarus
867 #
868 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
869 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
870 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
871 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
872 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
873 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
874 #
875 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
876 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
877 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
878 #
879 # Sources (Russian language):
880 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
881 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
882 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
883 #
884 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
885 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
886 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
887 #
888 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
889 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
890 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
891 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
892 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
893 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
894 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
895 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
896 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
897 3:00 - +03
898
899 # Belgium
900 #
901 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
902 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
903 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
904 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
905 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
906 # pp 8-9.
907 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
908 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
932 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
933 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
934 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
935 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
936 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
937 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
938 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
940 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
942 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
943 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
944 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
945 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
946 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
947 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
948 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
949 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
950 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
951 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
952 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
953 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
954 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
955 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
956 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
957 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
958 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
959 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
960 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
961 1:00 EU CE%sT
962
963 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
964 # See Europe/Belgrade.
965
966 # Bulgaria
967 #
968 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
969 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
970 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
971 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
972 #
973 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
975 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
976 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
977 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
978 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
979 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
980 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
981 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
982 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
983 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
984 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
985 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
986 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
987 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
988 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
989 2:00 EU EE%sT
990
991 # Croatia
992 # See Europe/Belgrade.
993
994 # Cyprus
995 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
996
997 # Czech Republic / Czechia
998 #
999 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
1000 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
1001 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
1002 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
1003 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
1004 #
1005 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1006 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1007 Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1008 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1009 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1010 Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1011 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1012 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1013 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1014 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1015 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9
1016 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00
1017 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
1018 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1019 # Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
1020 # 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1021 # End of rearguard section.
1022 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1023 1:00 EU CE%sT
1024 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
1025
1026 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
1027
1028 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
1029 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
1030 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
1031 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
1032 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
1054 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
1055 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
1056
1057 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
1058 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
1059 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
1060
1061 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1062 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1063 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1064 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1065 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1066 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1067 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1068 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1069 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1070 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1071 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1072 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1073 #
1074 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1075 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1076 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
1077 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1078 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1079 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1080 1:00 EU CE%sT
1081 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1082 0:00 - WET 1981
1083 0:00 EU WE%sT
1084 #
1085 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1086 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1087 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1088 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1089 #
1090 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1091 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1092 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1093 # on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1094 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1151 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1152 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1153 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1154 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1155 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1156
1157 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1158 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1159 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1160 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1161 # It is their only National Park.
1162 #
1163 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1164 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1165 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1166 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1167 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1168 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1169 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1170 #
1171 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1172 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1173 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1174 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1175 0:00 - GMT
1176 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1177 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1178 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1179 -1:00 EU -01/+00
1180 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1181 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1182 -3:00 EU -03/-02
1183 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1184 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1185
1186 # Estonia
1187 #
1188 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1189 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1190 #
1191 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1217 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1218 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1219 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1220 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1221 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1222 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1223 # after that.
1224
1225 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1226 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1227 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1228 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1229
1230 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1231 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1232 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1233 #
1234 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1235 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1236
1237 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1238 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1239 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1240 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1241 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1242 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1243 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1244 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1245 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1246 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1247 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1248 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1249 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1250 2:00 EU EE%sT
1251
1252 # Finland
1253
1254 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1255 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1256 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1257
1280 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1281 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1282 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1283 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1284 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1285 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1286 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1287 #
1288 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1289 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1290
1291 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1292 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1294 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1295 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1296
1297 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1298 # round to nearest.
1299
1300 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1301 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1302 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1303 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1304 2:00 EU EE%sT
1305
1306 # Åland Is
1307 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1308
1309
1310 # France
1311
1312 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1313 #
1314 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1315 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1316 #
1317 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1318 # Paris, 1991
1319 #
1320 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1370 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1371 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1372 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1373 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1374 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1375 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1376 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1377 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1378 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1379 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1380 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1381 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1382 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1383 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1384 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1385 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1386 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1387 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1388 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1389 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1390 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1391 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1392 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1393 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1394 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1395 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1396 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1397 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1398 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1399 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1400 1:00 EU CE%sT
1401
1402 # Germany
1403
1404 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1405 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1406 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1407 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1408
1409 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1410 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1418 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1419
1420
1421 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1422 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1423 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1424 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1425 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1426 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1427 # Go with the PTB.
1428 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1429 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1430 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1431 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1432 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1433
1434 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1435 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1436 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1437
1438 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1439 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1440 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1441 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1442 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1443 1:00 EU CE%sT
1444
1445 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1446 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1447 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1448 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1449 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1450 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1451 #
1452 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1453 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1454
1455 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1456 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1457
1458 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1459
1460 # Georgia
1461 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1462 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1463 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1464
1465 # Gibraltar
1466 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1467 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1468 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1469 1:00 - CET 1982
1470 1:00 EU CE%sT
1471
1472 # Greece
1473 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1474 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1475 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1476 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1477 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1478 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1479 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1480 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1481 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1482 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1483 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1484 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1485 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1486 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1487 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1489 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1490 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1491 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1492 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1493 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1494 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1495 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1496 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1497 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1498 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1499 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1500 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1501 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1502 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1503 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1504 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1505 2:00 EU EE%sT
1506
1507 # Hungary
1508 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1509 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1510 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1511 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1512 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1513 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1514 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1515 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1516 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1517 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1518 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1519 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1520 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1521 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1522 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1523 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1524 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1525 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1526 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1527 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1529 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1530 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1531 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1532 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1533 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1534 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1535 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1536 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1537 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1538 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1539 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1540 1:00 EU CE%sT
1541
1542 # Iceland
1543 #
1544 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1545 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1546 #
1547 # (1993-12-05):
1548 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1549 # Iceland Almanak.
1550 #
1551 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1552 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1553 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1554 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1575 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1576 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1577 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1578 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1579 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1580 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1581 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1582 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1583 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1584 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1585 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1586 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1587 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1588 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1589 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1590 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1591 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1592 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1593 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1594 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1595 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1596 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1597 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1598 0:00 - GMT
1599
1600 # Italy
1601 #
1602 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1603 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1604 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1605 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1606 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1607 # so record only the time in Rome.
1608 #
1609 # From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06):
1610 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm
1611 # ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than
1612 # the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866)
1613 # https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm
1614 # ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze,
1615 # Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting
1616 # the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the
1617 # kingdom). On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time
1618 # table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph,
1619 # not only for the internal service but also for the public.... Milano set
1620 # the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866),
1621 # Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the
1622 # last city was Cagliari in 1886."
1623 #
1624 # From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07):
1625 # this is the scan of the decree:
1626 # http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg
1627 #
1628 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1629 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1630 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1631 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1632 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1633 #
1634 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1635 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1636 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1637 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1638 # [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017]
1639 # (2016-10-24):
1640 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1641 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1642 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1643 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1644 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1645 #
1646 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1647 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1648 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1649 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1650 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1651 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1652 #
1653 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1654 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1655 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1656 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1657 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1658 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1682 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1683 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1684 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1685 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1686 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1687 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1688 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1689 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1690 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1691 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1692 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1693 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1694 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1695 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1696 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1697 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1698 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1699 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1700 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1701 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1702 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1703 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Dec 12
1704 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1705 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1706 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1707 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1708 1:00 EU CE%sT
1709
1710 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1711 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1712
1713 # Latvia
1714
1715 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1716
1717 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1718 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1719 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1720 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1721 #
1722 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1723 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1758 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1759 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1760 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1761 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1762 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1763 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1764 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1765 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1766 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1767 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1768 # appears that they will not do so....
1769
1770 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1771 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1772 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1773
1774 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1775 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1776 # Go with Byalokoz.
1777
1778 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1779 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1780 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1781 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1782 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1783 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1784 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1785 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1786 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1787 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1788 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1789 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1790 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1791 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1792 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1793 2:00 EU EE%sT
1794
1795 # Liechtenstein
1796
1797 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1798 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1828 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1829 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1830 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1831 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1832 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1833 # already done by Estonia.
1834
1835 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1836 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1837 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1838
1839 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1840 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1841 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1842 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1843 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1844 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1845 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1846
1847
1848 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1849 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1850 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1851 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1852 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1853 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1854 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1855 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1856 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1857 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1858 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1859 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1860 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1861 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1862 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1863 2:00 EU EE%sT
1864
1865 # Luxembourg
1866 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1867 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1868 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1872 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1873 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1874 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1875 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1876 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1877 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1878 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1879 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1880 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1881 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1882 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1883 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1884 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1885 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1886 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1887 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1888 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1889 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1890 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1891 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1892 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1893 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1894 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1895 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1896 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1897 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1898 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1899 1:00 EU CE%sT
1900
1901 # North Macedonia
1902 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1903
1904 # Malta
1905 #
1906 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1907 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1908 #
1909 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1910 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1911 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1912 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1913 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1914 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1915 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1916 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1917 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1918 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1919 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1920 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1921 1:00 EU CE%sT
1922
1923 # Moldova
1924
1925 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1926 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1927 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1928 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1929 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1930 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1931 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1932 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1933 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1934
1935 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1936 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1937 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1966 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1967 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1968 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1969 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1970 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1971 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1972
1973 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1974 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1975 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1976 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1977 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1978 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1979 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1980 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1981
1982 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1983 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1984 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1985
1986 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1987 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1988 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1989 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1990 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1991 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1992 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1993 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1994 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1995 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1996 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1997 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1998
1999 # Monaco
2000 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
2001 # more precise 0:09:21.
2002 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2003 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
2004 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
2005 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
2006 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
2007 1:00 EU CE%sT
2008
2009 # Montenegro
2010 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2011
2012 # Netherlands
2013
2014 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
2015 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
2016
2017 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
2018 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
2019 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
2020 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
2021 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
2022 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
2057 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2058 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2059 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2060 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2061 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2062 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2063 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2064 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2065 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2066 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2067 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2068 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2069 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2070 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2071 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2072 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2073 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2074 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2075 #
2076 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
2077 # below because the current format requires STDOFF to be an integer.
2078 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2079 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2080 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2081 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2082 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2083 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2084 1:00 EU CE%sT
2085
2086 # Norway
2087 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2088 # Pottenger.
2089 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2090 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2091 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2092 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2093 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2094 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2095 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2096 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2097 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2098 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
2099 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
2100 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2101 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
2102 1:00 EU CE%sT
2103
2104 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
2105
2106 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
2107 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
2108 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
2109 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
2110 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
2111 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
2112 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
2113 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
2114 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
2115 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
2116 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
2117 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
2168 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2169 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2170 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2171 # He also gives these further references:
2172 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2173 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2174 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2175 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2176 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2177 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2178 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2179 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2180 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2181 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2182 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2183 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2184 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2185 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2186 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2187 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2188 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2189 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2190 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2191 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2192 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2193 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2194 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2195 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2196 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2197 1:00 EU CE%sT
2198
2199 # Portugal
2200
2201 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2202 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2203 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2204 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2205 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2206 #
2207 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2208 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2273 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2274 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2275 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2276 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2277 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2278 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2279 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2280 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2281 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2282 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2283 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2284 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2285 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2286 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2287 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2288 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2289 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2290 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2291 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2292 #
2293 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2294 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2295 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2296 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2297 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2298 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2299 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2300 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2301 0:00 EU WE%sT
2302 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2303 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2304 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2305 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2306 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2307 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2308 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2309 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2310 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2311 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2312 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2313 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2332
2333 # Romania
2334 #
2335 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2336 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2337 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2338 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2339 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2340 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2341 #
2342 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2343 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2344 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2345 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2346 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2347 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2348 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2349 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2350 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2351 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2352 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2353 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2354 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2355 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2356 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2357 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2358 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2359 2:00 EU EE%sT
2360
2361
2362 # Russia
2363
2364 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2365 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2366 # (Government document
2367 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2368 # in Russian)
2369 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2370 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2371 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2372 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
3371
3372
3373 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3374 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3375 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3376
3377 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3378 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3379 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3380 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3381 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3382 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3383 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3384 12:00 - +12
3385
3386
3387 # San Marino
3388 # See Europe/Rome.
3389
3390 # Serbia
3391 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3392 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3393 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3394 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3395 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3396 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3397 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3398 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3399 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3400 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3401 1:00 EU CE%sT
3402 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3403 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3404 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3405 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # North Macedonia
3406 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3407
3408 # Slovakia
3409 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3410
3411 # Slovenia
3477 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3478 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3479 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3480 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3481 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3482 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3483 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3484 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3485 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3486 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
3487 # except with "S" letters.
3488 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3489 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3490 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3491 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3492 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3493 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3494 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3495 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3496 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3497 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3498 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
3499 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3500 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3501 1:00 EU CE%sT
3502 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
3503 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3504 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3505 0:00 - WET 1924
3506 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3507 0:00 - WET 1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
3508 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3509 1:00 - CET 1986
3510 1:00 EU CE%sT
3511 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3512 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3513 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3514 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3515 0:00 EU WE%sT
3516 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3517 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3545 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3546 #
3547 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3548 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3549 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3550 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3551 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3552 # the Sök-button).
3553 #
3554 # (2001-05-13):
3555 #
3556 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3557 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3558 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3559 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3560 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3561 # hour before the event took place.
3562 #
3563 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3564
3565 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3566 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3567 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3568 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3569 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3570 1:00 - CET 1980
3571 1:00 EU CE%sT
3572
3573 # Switzerland
3574 # From Howse:
3575 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3576 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3577 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3578 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3579 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3580 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3581 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3582 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3583 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3584 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3585
3648 #
3649 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3650 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3651 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3652 #
3653 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3654 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3655 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3656 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3657 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3658 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3659 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3660 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3661 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3662 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3663 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3664
3665 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3666 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3667 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3668 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3669 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3670 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3671 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3672 1:00 EU CE%sT
3673
3674 # Turkey
3675
3676 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3677 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3678 # no exceptions.
3679 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3680 # Here are official papers:
3681 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3682 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3683 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3684 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3685 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3686 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3687 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3688 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3798 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3799 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3800 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3801 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3802 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3803 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3804 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3805 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3806 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3807 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3808 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3809 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3810 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3811 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3812 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3813 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3814 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3815 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3816 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3817 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3818 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3819 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3820 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3821 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3822 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3823 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3824 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3825 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3826 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3827 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3828 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3829 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3830 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3831 3:00 - +03
3832 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3833
3834 # Ukraine
3835 #
3836 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3837 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3838 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3895 # This is an answer.
3896 #
3897 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3898 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3899 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3900 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3901 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3902
3903 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
3904 # As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
3905 # For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
3906 # English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
3907 # transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ". This is similar to tzdb's use of
3908 # Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
3909 # "Praha". ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
3910 # came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
3911 # in common.) Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
3912 # controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
3913 # English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
3914 # means less disruption for our users.
3915
3916 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3917 # This represents most of Ukraine. See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
3918 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3919 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3920 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3921 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3922 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3923 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3924 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3925 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3926 2:00 EU EE%sT
3927 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3928 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3929 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3930 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3931 1:00 - CET 1940
3932 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3933 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3934 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3935 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3936 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
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